Chapter 2 Flashcards
The Human Body in Health and Disease (65 cards)
1
Q
aden/o
A
gland
2
Q
adip/o
A
fat
3
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
4
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of body, tail
5
Q
cephal/o
A
head
6
Q
cyt/o, -cyte
A
cell
7
Q
end-, endo-
A
in, within, inside
8
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
9
Q
hist/o
A
tissue
10
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
11
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
12
Q
path/o, -pathy
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
13
Q
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
A
development, growth, formation
14
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
15
Q
-stasis, -static
A
control, maintence of a constant level
16
Q
anatomy
A
study of structures of the body
17
Q
physiology
A
study of functions of structures of the body
18
Q
anatomic reference systems
A
body planes, body directions, body cavities, structural units
19
Q
body planes
A
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines to divide body into sections for descriptions
20
Q
vertical plane
A
up-and-down plane that a right angle to the horizon
21
Q
sagittal plane
A
(vertical plane) divides into unequal left and right portions
22
Q
midsagittal plane
A
(vertical plane) aka MIDLINE, divides body into equal halves
23
Q
vertical plane
frontal plane
A
- divides body into anterior and posterior
- A.K.A. coronal plane
- located at right angles to the sagittal plane
24
Q
horizontal plane
A
flat, crosswire plane, such as the horizon
25
transverse plane
(horizontal plane) divides into superior and inferior. can be at waist or across any other level
26
body direction terms
reference system of a specific direction of the body or organ. describes what direction a term pertains to
27
ventral
the front of the organ or body (ventr = belly side, -al = pertaining to)
28
dorsal
the back of the organ or body (dors = back of the body)
[opposite of ventral]
29
inferior
lowermost, below or toward the feet (e.g., stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm)
30
cephalic
toward the head (cephal = head, -ic = pertaining to)
31
caudal
toward the lower part of body (caud- = tail or lower part of the body)
- caudal is opposite of cephalic
32
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
(e.g., proximal end of humerus, bone of upper arm)
33
distal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
(e.g., distal end of humerus forms part of elbow)
34
medial
direction toward, or nearer, the midline
(e.g., medial ligament of the knee = near the inner surface of the leg)
35
lateral
direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
(e.g., lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg)
- opposite of medial
- bilateral = relating to/having two sides
36
anterior
situated in the front or in front of an organ
(e.g., stomach is located anterior to the pancreas)
[anter= front or before, -ior = pertaining to]
- also used as reference to ventral surface
- opposite of posterior
37
posterior
- situated in the back/back part of an organ
[poster = back or toward the back]
(e.g., pancreas is located behind/posterior to the stomach)
- used in reference of dorsal surface
- posterior is opposite of anterior
38
superior
uppermost, above or toward the head
(e.g., lungs are located superior the diaphragm)
[opposite of inferior]
39
two major body cavities
dorsal and ventral
--> spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
40
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body (from the head). contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate the body functions
41
define "body cavity"
space inside body that holds and protects internal organs
42
cranial cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
43
spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
44
ventral cavity
located along front of the body, contains organs that sustain homeostasis
45
homeostasis
processes in which body maintains constant internal environment
(-home/o = constant, -stasis = control)
46
thoracic cavity
A.K.A. chest cavity or thorax
protects and surrounds the heart and the lungs
47
diaphragm
muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
48
abdominal cavity
contains major organs of digestion. commonly referred to as the abdomen
49
pelvic cavity
space formed by hip bones and contains organs of the reproductive and excretory systems
50
abdominopelvic cavity
two cavities (abdominal and pelvic) as a single unit
51
inguinal
relating to the groin and refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
--> includes groin, (crease at junction of trunk and upper end of thigh)
52
what do the regions of the thorax and abdomen do?
they comprise a descriptive system to divide abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts
53
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs.
"hypochondriac" = below the ribs. term also describes an individual with abnormal concern about their health.
[hypo- = below, chrond/i = cartilage, -ac = pertaining to]
54
epigastric region
located above the stomach
[epi- = above, gastr = stomach)
55
right and left lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
(lumbar = describes part of the back between ribs and pelvis)
[lumb = lower back]
56
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus (aka belly button/navel). it marks where the umbilical cord was attached (before birth)
57
right and left iliac regions
located near the hip bones [ili = hip bones]
58
hypogastric region
located below the region
59
quadrants of the abdomen
right upper quadrant
left upper quadrant
right lower quadrant
left lower quadrant
60
define peritoneum and membrane
peritoneum = multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place within the abdominal cavity
membrane = thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, divides a space or organ, or lines a cavity
61
what part of the peritoneum is the outer layer that lines the inferior of the abdominal wall?
parietal peritoneum
62
what part of the peritoneum is a fused double layer that attaches parts of the intestine to the inferior abdominal wall?
mesentery
63
what part of the peritoneum is the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity?
visceral peritoneum
64
what does retroperitoneal mean?
something that is located behind the peritoneum.
ex: location of kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal column.
65
# what is a:
stem cell
