Chapter 2 Flashcards
(30 cards)
5 models of psychology
psychodynamic
biological
cognitive behavioral
humanistic-existential
sociocultural
psychodynamic model
Freud ; therapist is “interpreter”
strongly influenced the first DSM
core principles of psychodynamic approach
childhood experiences determines adult psyche (psychosexual stage development ; fixation)
human behavior driven by unconscious motives (3 core parts of the mind)
defense mechanisms
psychosexual stage development
[psychodynamic]
satisfaction focused on a particular area in the body
oral (age 0-1; biting, sucking,, chewing, etc. –> addiction)
anal (age 1-3; holding/withholding feces –> control/OCD)
phallic (age 3-6; primary sex organs, Oedipus –> deviance, sexual dysfunction)
fixation
[psychodynamic]
failure to “pass” developmental stage
stuck in psychosexual stage which causes problems in life adaptation
3 core parts of the mind (psychodynamic)
unconscious forces create internal conflict
id (pleasure principle; what you want to do; create/destroy)
superego (morality principle; what you shouldn’t do; punishes)
ego (reality principle; what you can do; plans/compromises)
defense mechanisms
[psychodynamic]
repression/denial (push desire out of awareness)
projection (blame another person for having desire)
displacement (redirect desire to appropriate object)
reaction formation (behave opposite of desire)4
4 steps common to many psychodynamic therapies
use of projective techniques to learn unconscious drives
therapist’s interpretation of the meaning of your actions/struggles
working through resistance
catharsis of internal conflict (relief after acceptance)
projective techniques to learn unconscious drives
[psychodynamic]
free association (saying whatever comes to mind without censoring thoughts in order to know unconscious material)
transference (when client reacts to therapist as if he or she is an important figure from childhood)
dreams
biological model
medical perspective; therapist is “doctor”
increasingly informs the DSM now
3 key areas of malfunction or imbalance (biological)
brain anatomy
brain chemistry
genes
core functions of left and right hemispheres
work together to function well
left: language, analytic thinking, details
right: emotion, intuition, the big picture
core functions of cerebral cortex and frontal lobe
cerebral cortex: awareness, attention
frontal lobe: planning, organization, decision-making
core functions of forebrain/limbic system
regulation
hippocampus: memory
amygdala: emotion
how do methyl and histones modify gene expression?
methyl: ON/OFF gene switch
histones: dimension/volume (like a light dimmer)
cognitive behavioral model
explanations and treatments grounded in principles of learning ; therapist is “teacher”
operant conditioning
[cognitive behavioral]
positive/negative reinforcement
positive/negative punishment
modeling
[cognitive behavioral]
observation and imitation
classical conditioning
[cognitive behavioral]
conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned response
cognitive distortions
[cognitive behavioral]
all or nothing
jumping to conclusions
magnification/minimizing
emotional reasoning (translating emotions to cognitive reasoning; “i feel bad so it is bad”)
functional analysis
[cognitive behavioral therapy]
evaluating antecedents and consequences of a behavior to help modify problematic behavior (mainly operant conditioning)
Ex. Ellis’ Rational Emotive Restructuring therapy, Beck’s depression therapy, systematic desensitization
Beck’s depression therapy
[cognitive behavioral]
challenge thoughts and assertiveness training
self (“i am worthless”)
future (“i will never be good”)
world (“everyone hates me”)
humanistic-existential model
phenomenology and free will ; therapist is “observer”
conscious human experience and choice are most important
most strongly influences therapeutic relationships and clinical ethics
cause of psychopathology according to humanistic-existential model
conditions of worth (“I’m good only if…”) create anxiety and depression
self deception (not accepting responsibility, meaninglessness, etc.) creates psychological struggle