Chapter 4 Flashcards
(32 cards)
2 types of clinical interviews
unstructured
structured
unstructured clinical interview
open ended questions
tailored to the client
might have inconsistencies between two clients which can make assessments difficult
structured clinical interview
protocol instructions in “If…, then…” format
same for all clients; enhanced reliability
Ex. Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM (1-2 hours)
3 types of clinical observations
projective
personality
intelligence
projective clinical observations
ambiguous stimuli evokes unconscious
developed from psychodynamic approach (Freudian)
overall poor reliability and validity for clinical use (good for icebreakers to generate conversation)
Ex. Rorschach Inkblot, TAT, sentence completion, DAP
Rorschach Inkblot (factors)
[projective clinical observation]
location: what part of image that the interpretation comes from (blank space, whole image, etc.)
determinants: what aspect of image interpretation focuses on (texture, color, etc.)
content: the interpretation itself
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
[projective clinical observation]
Chistiano Morgan
ambiguous images but more intention than inkblots
looks at what motivation a person is describing
reliability and validity not good for clinical assessments (could be used for personality tests)
sentence completion
[projective clinical observation]
say whatever comes to mind first
“I wish…”
“My father…”
“What worries me is…”
Draw a Person (DAP)
[projective clinical observation]
first character is representation of self then paper is flipped and client is asked to draw the opposite gender
placement of figure: right = future ; left = past ; lower left = depression ; upper right = suppress past
face: big head = desire to be smart ; large eyes or ears = paranoid ; missing parts = identity confusion
legs and feet: confidence vs. insecurity
age: younger = infantilism
personality clinical observations
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Myers-Briggs Types
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
[personality clinical observation]
550 self-statements in true, false, or cannot say format
two types of scales: self report and behavior
very good reliability and validity
scores range from 0-120 for 10 scales (over 70 = of concern); graphed to create a “profile”
self report scale
from MMPI (personality clinical observation)
physical concerns and mood
attitudes towards religion, sex, and social activity
psychological symptoms
behavior scale
from MMPI (personality clinical observation)
careless responding
lying and manipulation
Myers-Briggs Types
based on Carl Jung’s theory of personality
energy (extroversion/introversion)
evidence (sensory/intuitive)
decision-making (thinking/feeling)
evaluation (judger/perceiver)
psychophysiological tests
physiological response as a sign of stress/anxiety
electrocardiogram (heart rate)
galvanic skin conductance (sweat gland activity)
EEG (brain electrical activity)
polygraph (lie detector)
4 common neuroimaging tests
computerized axial tomography (CT scan)
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
functional MRI (fMRI)
positron emission tomography (PET scan)
neuropsychological tests
indirectly assess brain function
reasoning, memory, visual-spatial skills
Ex. Halstead-Reitan Battery, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
neuropsychological test using geometric shapes and orientations
to assess visual-motor functioning, developmental disorders, and neuropsychological impairments
WHO-DAS 2.0
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule
most common way to assess overall functioning with the DSM-5
areas of functioning assessed by WHO-DAS 2.0
cognition (understanding and communicating)
mobility (moving and getting around)
self-care (hygiene, dressing, etc.)
getting along (interacting with others)
life activities (domestic responsibilities, school, etc.)
participation (joining in on community activities)
core ways diagnosing can cause harm
misdiagnosis (reliance on clinical judgment)
labeling and stigma (diagnosis as a self-fulfilling prophecy; “I’m not that kind of person, so I don’t need that kind of treatment”)
difficulties in comparing effectiveness of treatments
- defining success and measuring improvements are difficult. could be change in mood, behavior, attitude, etc.
- treatments differ in range and complexity (i.e., Freudian methods could take 3-5 years, but medication can be effective in one)
- therapists differ in skill and knowledge (i.e., some therapists are better with other techniques; sometimes clients get better on client/therapist relationships and not on technique)
- clients differ in severity and motivation (i.e., most clients want to get better but clients with SUDs probably do not)
quasi-experiment
experiment that involves predetermined groups, such as gender or those with vs. without a DO
randomly assign participants who struggle similarly to different treatment groups
internal validity
does the independent variable group membership cause dependent variable change?
