Chapter 2

Question 1

A study that looks into the fascinating ways on how individual organisms interact with their environment.

Answer 1

Organism Level

Question 2

Series of stages/history in the life of an individual organism from birth to reproduction and death.

Answer 2

Life Cycle

Question 3

Enumerate the three types of adaptations

Answer 3

Morphological
Physiological
Behavioral

Question 4

Identify the type of adaptation: structural change in the organisms form

Answer 4

Morphological

Question 5

Examples of morphological adaptation

Answer 5

Fennec fox ears - big ears to dissipate heat since they live on deserts

Polar bear fur - fur to adapt to the cold weather

Owl eyes - have night vision

Phototropism in plants - its growth follows the direction of the sunlight

Venus flytrap - once the hairs inside the plant are triggered, it traps insects

Mangrove tree aerial roots - it can survive with or without water

Eagle beaks - thick and sharp to tear apart food into bite-sized pieces

Crab claws - for defense

Flamingos legs - to wade into much deeper water

Question 6

Identify the type of adaptation: internal, biochemical or metabolic processes that regulate and maintain homeostasis and survival.

Answer 6

Physiological

Question 7

Examples of physiological adaptation

Answer 7

Estivation in turtles - bury itself in the sand to conserve its water

Hibernation of hedgehogs - lessen activity to conserve energy

Camouflage in chameleon - mimic its surrounding environment

Mimicry in snakes and butterfly - mimic the organism they want to follow

Antifreeze proteins on arctic fish - even if the ocean is frozen, they can still survive and swim around in the inner region

Skunk releasing toxic chemicals - used against predators

Calluses in human hands - if exposed in doing the same thing over again

Tan skin in humans - too much sunbathing

Respiration in plants - folded during hot season to conserve its water

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants

Question 8

Organisms active during the night

Answer 8

Nocturnal

Question 9

Organisms active during the day

Answer 9

Diurnal

Question 10

Identify the type of adaptation: changes in the organism behavior used to survive in an environment

Answer 10

Behavioral

Question 11

A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting used to a stimulus after repeated exposure or habit.

Answer 11

Habituation

Question 12

Example of habituation

Answer 12

Dolphins on boat engines - got used to the boats and even interacts with it

Watering plants - will find its way to source its own water even if not watered

Question 13

A type of behavioral adaptation that is getting allergic or irritated to stimulus if exposed

Answer 13

Sensitization

Question 14

Example of sensitization

Answer 14

Light sensitivity - if the lights were turned on while you’re asleep

Allergic reactions - if irritated by a stimulus, one would react like through sneezing

Question 15

A type of behavioral adaptation that is having the ability to distinguish one’s mother from other females

Answer 15

Imprinting

Question 16

Examples of imprinting

Answer 16

Imprinting in ducks - child could still distinguish the parents

Imprinting in humans - child could still distinguish the parents

Question 17

A type of behavioral adaptation wherein individuals learn from observing from their environment

Answer 17

Observational Behavior

Question 18

Examples of observational behavior

Answer 18

Monkeys drinking - observed from humans
Crows using a vending machine - Joshua Klein

Question 19

A type of behavioral adaptation: mechanisms that help regulate internal body temperature by doing less activity to conserve energy

Answer 19

Hibernation

Question 20

A type of behavioral adaptation: a pattern of behavior in which animals travel from one habitat to another in search of food, better conditions, or reproductive needs

Answer 20

Migration

Question 21

Examples of Migration

Answer 21

Birds during typhoon can migrate to another place then move back once the weather improved

Salmon can migrate to freshwater of rivers and can also go back to the ocean

Question 22

A type of behavioral adaptation: natural, internal process that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other biological functions

Answer 22

Circadian Rhythms

Question 23

A type of behavioral adaptation: an automatic physiological reaction to an event that is perceived as stressful , danger, or frightening

Answer 23

Fight or Flight Response

Question 24

A type of behavioral adaptation: these are signals that animals use to communicate to predators

Answer 24

Predator Warning

Question 25

The total number of individual of the same species or group in a particular area and time, and are capable of reproduction

Answer 25

Population Level

Question 26

The number of population / total area of land

Answer 26

Population Density

Question 27

Describes how spread out/ arrangement a population is in an area at a specific time

Answer 27

Spatial Distribution

Question 28

Enumerate the three types of spatial distribution

Answer 28

Random Clumped Uniform

Question 29

How old the population is

Answer 29

Age Structure

Question 30

The births and deaths

Answer 30

Natality and Mortality

Question 31

The number of males and females in the population

Answer 31

Sex Ratio

Question 32

What are the types of Population Pyramid?

Answer 32

Expanding Contracting Stationary

Question 33

Formula for Population Size`

Answer 33

[birth + immigration] - [death + emigration]

Question 34

What term describes going out of the population?

Answer 34

Emigration

Question 35

What term describes going in the population?

Answer 35

Immigration

Question 36

What are the two growth models?

Answer 36

Exponential growth model Logistic growth model

Question 37

What growth model is: Growth rate is constant and proportional to the current size of the population or quantity

Answer 37

Exponential Growth Model

Question 38

What growth model is: the rate of growth slows down as the population approaches the limit/carrying capacity (maximum number of individuals an area or resource can sustain)

Answer 38

Logistic Growth Model

Question 39

Series of populations of different species interacting all together with the abiotic components on an area at the same time.

Answer 39

Community Level

Question 40

Enumerate the three community interactions

Answer 40

Predation Competition Symbiosis

Question 41

A type of community interaction where one organism (the predator) hunts, kills, captures, and consumes another organism (the prey)

Answer 41

Predation

Question 42

What are the types of competition and specify their differences

Answer 42

Intraspecific Competition - between same species Interspecific Competition - among different species

Question 43

A type of community interaction that is close and long-term biological interaction between two different species

Answer 43

Symbiosis

Question 44

A type of symbiosis: one benefits (parasite) and the other is hurt/harmed (host)

Answer 44

Parasitism

Question 45

A type of symbiosis: one benefits/gains (commensal) and the other one is not affected/harmed (host)

Answer 45

Commensalism

Question 46

A type of symbiosis: both organisms benefit

Answer 46

Mutualism

Question 47

All living organisms (biotic) within an ecosystem and their interactions with the nonliving elements (abiotic) like sunlight, water, and soil.

Answer 47

Ecosystem Level

Question 48

A graphical representation that illustrates how energy from the sun is being transferred to one organism to the other.

Answer 48

Energy Flow

Question 49

A graphical representation that shows the amount of biomass or bioproductivity at each trophic level in an ecosystem

Answer 49

Ecological Pyramid

Question 50

A graphical representation that shows the number of organism in each trophic levels

Answer 50

Pyramid of Numbers

Question 51

A representation that shows the total biomass of a living organisms at each trophic level

Answer 51

Pyramid of Biomass

Question 52

A graphical representation that shows the total amount of energy transferred by living organisms at each trophic level. (10% rule)

Answer 52

Pyramid of Energy

Question 53

A place where all forms of life are found

Answer 53

Biosphere

Question 54

Basic elements of life

Answer 54

CHNOPS carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur

Question 55

Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle

Answer 55

The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist air is lifted, it cools and water vapor condenses to form clouds. Moisture is transported around the globe until it returns to the surface as precipitation. Once the water reaches the ground, one of two processes may occur; 1) some of the water may evaporate back into the atmosphere or 2) the water may penetrate the surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way into the oceans, rivers, and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through transpiration. The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes, rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

Question 56

Carbon Cycle

Answer 56

Carbon present in the atmosphere is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis. These plants are then consumed by animals and carbon gets bio accumulated into their bodies. These animals and plants eventually die, and upon decomposing, carbon is released back into the atmosphere. Some of the carbon that is not released back into the atmosphere eventually becomes fossil fuels. These fossil fuels are then used for man-made activities, which pump more carbon back into the atmosphere.

Question 57

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 57

A biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the organism and back into the atmosphere.

Question 58

Phosphorus Cycle

Answer 58

Phosphorus moves in a cycle through rocks, water, soil and sediments and organisms. Over time, rain and weathering cause rocks to release phosphate ions and other minerals. This inorganic phosphate is then distributed in soils and water. Plants take up inorganic phosphate from the soil.

Question 59

Sulfur Cycle

Answer 59

The sulfur cycle describes the movement of sulfur through the geosphere and biosphere. Sulfur is released from rocks through weathering, and then assimilated by microbes and plants. It is then passed up the food chain and assimilated by plants and animals, and released when they decompose.