chapter 2

Question 1

what are the 8 things a bacteria cell has (prokaryotic)

Answer 1

pili
flagella
capsule
cell wall
cell membrane
DNA strand
plasmid
cytoplasm

Question 2

what are the 11 things an animal cell has

Answer 2

cytoplasm
cell membrane
ribosome
RER
SER
nucleus
mitochondria
lysosome
centriole
cytoskeleton
golgi apparatus

Question 3

what are the 11 things a plant cell has

Answer 3

mitochondria
chloroplasts
cell wall
cell membrane
vacuole
cytoplasm
ribosomes
SER
RER
nucleus
golgi apparatus

Question 4

function of the nucleus

Answer 4

stores genetic information
controls cells activities
holds instructions to create proteins
nuclear pores on nuclear envelope allow for RNA to leave and enter

Question 5

what is the function of a nucleolus

Answer 5

makes ribosomes
RNA is then used to make rRNA for protein synthesis

Question 6

what is the function of a cell membrane

Answer 6

made of lipids and proteins (phospholipid layer)
regulates ins and outs of the cell
has receptors to respond to hormones/chemicals

Question 7

what is the function of the chloroplast

Answer 7

small and flat
double membrane
granum are stacked to make grana which are linked by lamella
the stack of grana is called a thylakoid
where photosynthesis takes place (either in grana or stoma)

Question 8

what is the function of mitochondria

Answer 8

site of aerobic respiration
ATP is produced
more active cells have more mitochondria

Question 9

what is the structure of a mitochondria

Answer 9

has a double membrane
inner membrane folds on each other to form cristae
matrix is its ‘cytoplasm’
contains granules and ATP synthesis particles

Question 10

what is the function of a ribosome

Answer 10

where proteins are made
made of rRNA and proteins

Question 11

what is the structure of a ribosome

Answer 11

small
free in cytoplasm or connected to the RER
no membrane
80s in eukaryotic cells for complex proteins
70s in prokaryotic cells

Question 12

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

Answer 12

adds carbs to proteins
secretes carbs
transports and stores lipids
forms lysosomes
where molecules are labelled and directed

Question 13

what is the structure of golgi apparatus

Answer 13

group of fluid filled membranes
vesicles often seen round the edge
membrane folds to form cisternae
secutary vesicles pinch of cisternae to form outgoing vesicles

Question 14

what is the function of a centriole

Answer 14

involved in seperation of of chromosomes during cell division
involved in production of spindle fibres
found in pairs (centrosomes)
made of micro tubuoles

Question 15

what is the function of lysosomes

Answer 15

contains digestive enzymes
exocytosis and phagocytosis
digest old or invading cells

Question 16

what is the function of the RER

Answer 16

folds and processes proteins being made at the ribosomes
fluid filled space surrounded by ribosomes

Question 17

what is the function of the SER

Answer 17

synthesises and stores carb and lipids
no ribosomes but similar structure to the RER

Question 18

what is the function of a vesicle

Answer 18

small fluid filled sac in a cytoplasm with a membrane
transports substances in and out of cell
formed by golgi apparatus or the SER RER

Question 19

what is the structure of cilia

Answer 19

hair like
outer membrane has 9 pairs of microtubules

Question 20

what is the function of cilia

Answer 20

sweep motion
moves substances to move on surface

Question 21

what is the function of flagellum

Answer 21

microtubules in tail allow for flagellum to move
used to propel cell

Question 22

what is the function of pili and capsule

Answer 22

protects bacteria
allow to stick to surfaces and to escape imune system
attaches to specific surfaces or other cells

Question 23

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 23

microfilaments (cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis)

microtubules (scaffold like structure which determines shape of cell also act as tracks for movement of organelles like vesicles)

intermediate fibres (gives support to cells )

Question 24

where is the cytoskeleton

Answer 24

throughout the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

Question 25

what is the definition of resolution

Answer 25

the minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as seperate

Question 26

what is the definition of magnification

Answer 26

how many times larger is the image compared to the object

Question 27

benefits to light microscope

Answer 27

cheap easy to use portable and small colour

Question 28

negatives to light microscope

Answer 28

uses light which has large wavelength so small resolution 0.2 micro meters cant observe below 2 micro meters max magnification is X2000

Question 29

benefits to using electron microscope

Answer 29

uses electrons which has small wavelength so high resolution of 0.0002 micro meters max magnification is X150000 dead or alive specimens no vacuum

Question 30

negatives of an electron microscope

Answer 30

expensive large hard to use black and white unless coloured with computer dead specimens has to be in a vacuum

Question 31

what is a TEM

Answer 31

transmission electron microscope image is 2D electron gun produces beam of electrons focused onto specimen by lenses denser areas come up darker as the areas absorb electrons resolving power is 0.1 nm really thin specimens so electrons can pass through

Question 32

what is a SEM

Answer 32

scanning electron microscope image is 3D beam of electrons are shot at specimen which bounce of to receptors which then is sent to computer where image is built don't need to be thin

Question 33

how many micrometres in a milimetre

Answer 33

1,000

Question 34

how many nanometres in a micro metre

Answer 34

1,000

Question 35

how many nanometres in a centimetre

Answer 35

10,000,000

Question 36

how many micro metres in a centimetre

Answer 36

10,000

Question 37

how would you prepare a slide for the light microscope

Answer 37

for dry mount cut specimen thin place it on slide then place cover slip over it for wet mount place specimen onto cover slip add drop of water or oil or dye then place cover slip at angle lowering it into position then wipe excess liquid with tissue

Question 38

Why must the liquid medium used in wet mounts have a similar refractive index to glass?

Answer 38

To prevent diffraction between the liquid and the glass and thus preventing image distortion.

Question 39

Examples of differential staining

Answer 39

Gram stain technique, Acid-fast technique

Question 39

what is the purpose of differential staining

Answer 39

to identify different cellular components and cell types

Question 40

Purpose of the Gram stain technique

Answer 40

To differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Question 40

Purpose of the Acid Fast technique

Answer 40

to differentiate between species of Mycobacterium and other bacteria

Question 40

advantages of staining

Answer 40

See more detail, increases contrast, allows you to identify different cells and cellular components like organelles

Question 40

Positively charged dyes

Answer 40

Crystal violet, methylene blue

Question 40

negatively charged dyes

Answer 40

Nigrosin, Congo red

Question 41

what does sudan red stain

Answer 41

lipids

Question 41

what is methylene blue

Answer 41

all purpose stain

Question 42

what does iodine blue stain

Answer 42

The cellulose in plant cell walls yellow + Starch granules blue/black might look violet under MS

Question 43

what stains cytoplasm

Answer 43

Eosin

Question 44

what does Acetin Orcein stain

Answer 44

DNA + stains chromosomes dark red.