Chapter 2 Flashcards
Cultural differences in int. marketing
What factors do you have to take into account in internationalization?
-foreign business environment
-political condition
-legal condition
-cultural condition
-economic condition
What did Hofestede conclude about cultures?
A management technique or philosophy that is appropriate in one culture is not necessarily appropriate in another
What is the definition of culture according to Kroeber and Kluckhohn?
culture is transmitted mainly in symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts.
-The core of culture consists of traditional ideas and their attached values
What are the concepts of culture?
-non-visible aspect: causes of behavior= mental culture: taboos, norms, values, approaches
-visible aspect : behavior=social culture: rituals, ceremonies, customs, social structure; behavioral results=material culture: architecture, clothing, works of art, tools
what are values? (also in economic sphere)
what an actor or society consider desirable
- economic sphere: sustainability and social responsibility
what are morals? (also in economic sphere)
- principles that regulate interpersonal behavior; derived from established values
-economic sphere: can be competitive advantage for company, if communicated positively
What are the 5 cultural dimensions according to Hofstede?
PDI- Power Distance Index
IDV- Individualism Index
MAS- Masculinity Index Score
UAI- Uncertainty Avoidance Index
LTO- Short-term vs Long-term orientation
What are the 7 cultural dimension according to Trompenaars?
-Universalism vs Particularism
-Neutral vs Emotional
-Individualism vs Communitarianism
-Specific vs Diffuse
-Achievement vs Ascription
-Sequential vs Synchronic
-Internal vs External
What is Power Distance Index?
PDI
-high PDI: strong cohesion and strict hierarchy
-low PDI: low dependence on superior, conservative leadership style is preferred
-family and upbringing is reason for power distance differences
What is Individualism Index?
IDV
-individualistic culture: employees evaluated according to skills and task performance, purpose-based employer-employee relationship
-collective culture: greater emotional attachment to group, group membership is highly valued, personal ties given priority,
What is Masculinity Index Score?
MAS
-more masculine: focuses on material success and performance (generates high income, receives recognition for good work, earns promotions, is challenged at work)
-more feminine: focuses more on social values, empathy, cooperation (good working relationship, pleasant and friendly environment, job security)
What is Uncertainty Avoidance Index
UAI
-high uncertainty avoidance: higher degree of feeling threatened by unknown situations
-low uncertainty avoidance: flat hierarchy, spontaneous communication, flexibility
What is Short-term vs Long-term Orientation?
LTO
-short term: tendency toward absolute truth, high receptiveness toward high investments and rapid developments
-long term: pragmatic adaptation to tradition and budgeting to secure future
What is Universalism vs Particularism?
Universalist: follow rules and give priority to human relationships, argue rationally and prefer consistent and unified procedures
Particularist: personal circumstances are more relevant than following rules when making decisions
What is Individualism vs Communitarianism?
Individualists: self-reliant, pursue own interest and goals
Collectivist: strongly oriented towards traditional values
