Chapter 2

Question 1

The text that appears after a command name, does not start with a dash (−), and specifies information that the command requires to work properly.

Answer 1

Arguments

Question 1

In the past, PATA hard disks were referred to as

Answer 1

Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA) hard disks or Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)

Question 2

A filesystem that can be used to create fault tolerant volumes much like ZFS. It is currently still in development, but designed as a replacement for ext4.

Answer 2

B-tree Filesystem (BTRFS)

Question 3

Also known as the Bourne Again Shell, this is the default command-line interface in Linux.

Answer 3

BASH shell

Question 4

The part of a computer system that contains the programs used to initialize hardware components at boot time.

Answer 4

Basic Input/Output System (BIOS)

Question 5

A small partition that is created by the Linux installation program to store information needed to boot the Linux operating system from a GPT hard disk on a computer that does not have a UEFI BIOS.

Answer 5

BIOS Boot Partition

Question 6

A program that exists on the filesystem and is executed when typed on the command line.

Answer 6

Command

Question 7

A nonjournaling Linux filesystem.

Answer 7

ext2

Question 8

A journaling Linux filesystem.

Answer 8

ext3

Question 9

An improved version of the ext3 filesystem, with an extended feature set and better performance.

Answer 9

ext4

Question 10

A partition on an MBR-based hard disk or SSD that can be further subdivided into components called logical drives.

Answer 10

Extended partition

Question 11

The way in which a hard disk drive or SSD partition is formatted to allow data to reside on the physical media; common Linux filesystems include ext2, ext3, ext4, XFS, and VFAT.

Answer 11

Filesystem

Question 12

The area of a large hard disk (> 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information. GPTs are used on most modern hard disks and SSDs.

Answer 12

GUID Partition Table (GPT)

Question 13

A list of hardware components that have been tested and deemed compatible with a given operating system.

Answer 13

Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)

Question 14

A set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation available by typing the info command-line utility.

Answer 14

Info pages

Question 15

A file that contains the content of a DVD. These images of Linux installation media can be downloaded from the Internet.

Answer 15

ISO image

Question 16

A filesystem function that keeps track of the information that needs to be written to the hard disk or SSD in a journal; common Linux journaling filesystems include ext3, ext4, and XFS.

Answer 16

Journaling

Question 17

Linux installation media that provides a fully functional Linux operating system in RAM prior to installation on permanent storage.

Answer 17

Live media

Question 18

The smaller partitions contained within an extended partition on an MBR-based hard disk or SSD.

Answer 18

Logical drivers

Question 19

A set of software components within Linux that can be used to manage the storage of information across several hard disks on a Linux system.

Answer 19

Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Question 20

The most common set of local command syntax documentation, available by typing the man command-line utility. Also known as man pages.

Answer 20

Manual pages

Question 21

The area of a typical hard disk (< 2TB) outside a partition that stores partition information.

Answer 21

Master Boot Record (MBR)

Question 22

A common RAM-checking utility.

Answer 22

memtest86

Question 23

The key combinations that have special meaning in the Linux operating system.

Answer 23

Metacharacters

Question 24

A major section of an NVMe SSD that can be partitioned.

Answer 24

Namespace

Question 25

A modern SSDs technology that allows for very fast data transfer directly to the PCIe bus on the computer.

Answer 25

Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe)

Question 26

The specific letters that start with a dash (-) or two and appear after the command name to alter the way the command works.

Answer 26

Options

Question 27

A legacy hard disk technology that uses ribbon cables to typically attach up to four hard disk devices to a single computer.

Answer 27

Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)

Question 28

A physical division of a hard disk or SSD.

Answer 28

Partitions

Question 29

The separate divisions into which an MBR-based hard disk or SSD can be divided (up to four are allowed per hard disk).

Answer 29

Primary partitions

Question 30

A type of storage that can be used to combine hard disks together for performance and/or fault tolerance.

Answer 30

Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)

Question 31

A technology that allows for fast data transfer along a serial cable for hard disks and SSDs. It is commonly used in newer workstation and server-class computers.

Answer 31

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)

Question 32

A high-performance SCSI technology that is commonly used for hard disks and SSDs in modern server-class computers.

Answer 32

Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

Question 33

A user interface that accepts input from the user and passes the input to the kernel for processing.

Answer 33

Shell

Question 34

A high-performance hard disk technology that is commonly used in legacy server-class computers.

Answer 34

Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI)

Question 35

A type of disk drive that functions within a computer like a hard disk drive but instead uses fast flash memory chips to store data.

Answer 35

Solid-State Drive (SSD)

Question 36

The channel that allows a certain user to log in and communicate with the kernel via a user interface. It is also the name of the graphical application that is used to obtain a BASH shell within the macOS desktop.

Answer 36

Terminal

Question 37

A small partition that is created by an operating system installation program to store boot-related files on a computer that has a UEFI BIOS.

Answer 37

UEFI System Partition

Question 38

A feature-rich BIOS replacement used in modern computers.

Answer 38

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)

Question 39

A non journaling filesystem that might be used in Linux.

Answer 39

VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table)

Question 40

An area on a hard disk or SSD (swap partition) that can be used to store information that normally resides in physical memory (RAM), if the physical memory is being used excessively.

Answer 40

Virtual memory (also known as swap memory)

Question 41

Each operating system that is run within virtualization software is called

Answer 41

Virtual machine

Question 42

An operating system that runs virtualization software.

Answer 42

Virtual machine host

Question 43

A set of programs that can be used to concurrently run an operating system within another operating system.

Answer 43

Virtualization software

Question 44

A high-performance journaling filesystem used in Linux.

Answer 44

XFS

Question 45

Primary master PATA hard disk

Answer 45

hda

Question 46

Primary master PATA hard disk

Answer 46

hdb

Question 47

Secondary master PATA hard disk

Answer 47

hdc

Question 48

Secondary slave PATA hard disk

Answer 48

hdd

Question 49

Clears the terminal screen

Answer 49

clear

Question 50

Resets your terminal to use default terminal settings

Answer 50

reset

Question 51

Displays currently logged-in users

Answer 51

who

Question 52

Displays currently logged-in users and their tasks

Answer 52

w

Question 53

Displays your login name

Answer 53

whoami

Question 54

Displays the numbers associated with your user account name and group names; these are commonly referred to as User IDs (UIDs) and Group IDs (GIDs)

Answer 54

id

Question 55

Displays the current date and time

Answer 55

date

Question 56

Displays the calendar for the current month

Answer 56

cal

Question 57

Displays system information

Answer 57

uname -a

Question 58

Lists files

Answer 58

ls

Question 59

Exits out of your current shell

Answer 59

exit

Question 60

Shell variable

Answer 60

$

Question 61

Shell variable

Answer 61

~

Question 62

Shell script comment

Answer 62

#

Question 63

Background command execution

Answer 63

&

Question 64

Command termination

Answer 64

;

Question 65

Input/Output redirection

Answer 65

< << > >>

Question 66

Command piping

Answer 66

|

Question 67

Shell wildcards

Answer 67

* ? [ ]

Question 68

Metacharacter quotes

Answer 68

’ " \

Question 69

Command substitution

Answer 69

`

Question 70

Command grouping

Answer 70

( ) { }

Question 71

Powers off your system in four minutes

Answer 71

shutdown –P +4

Question 72

Halts the operating system from executing in four minutes, but does not invoke the ACPI function in your BIOS to turn off power to your computer

Answer 72

shutdown –H +4

Question 73

Reboots your system in four minutes

Answer 73

shutdown –r +4

Question 74

Powers off your system immediately

Answer 74

shutdown –P now

Question 75

Reboots your system immediately

Answer 75

shutdown –r now

Question 76

Cancels a scheduled shutdown

Answer 76

shutdown –c

Question 77

Halts your system immediately, but does not power it off

Answer 77

halt

Question 78

Powers off your system immediately

Answer 78

poweroff

Question 79

Reboots your system immediately

Answer 79

reboot