Chapter 2

Question 1

offense against persons or property [“street crimes”, “hard to hide crimes”]

Answer 1

visible crimes

Question 2

against people, resulting in death or injury [homicide, rape]

Answer 2

violent crimes [vis.]

Question 3

threaten property, have financial needs [shoplifting, burglary]

Answer 3

property crimes [vis.]

Question 4

threaten well-being of society [vandalism, disorderly conduct, drunkenness]

Answer 4

public order crimes [vis.]

Question 5

committed through legal business opportunities

Answer 5

occupational crimes

Question 6

enterprise of illegal activity [gambling, sex trafficking, money laundering]

Answer 6

organized crime

Question 7

crimes involving various countries [counterfeit money/money laundering, gov. infiltration]

Answer 7

transitional crime

Question 8

willing exchange of illegal goods & services [drug sales, prostitution]

Answer 8

victimless crimes

Question 9

crime committed for ideological purposes [treason, espionage]

Answer 9

political crime

Question 10

crime that involves 1+ computers [stealing funds/identity, not hacking/scamming]

Answer 10

cybercrime

Question 11

the idea that more crime occurs than what is reported

Answer 11

dark figure of crime

Question 12

annual report on reported crimes from the fbi

Answer 12

uniform crime reports (ucr)

Question 13

police report desc. offense, offender data, & victim data

Answer 13

national incident-based report system (nibrs)

Question 14

survey from bureau of justice statistics on reported & unreported crime

Answer 14

national crime victimization surveys (ncvs)

Question 15

8 index offenses

Answer 15

criminal homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault, burglary, robbery, larceny/theft, auto theft, arson

Question 16

study of role & impact of crime on victim

Answer 16

victimology

Question 17

lifestyle exposure theory

Answer 17

based on victim demographics [who is victimized]

Question 18

routine activities theory

Answer 18

convergence of specific elements of a crime [who is victimized]

Question 19

age, race, gender

Answer 19

specific influence on being victim of a crime [who is victimized]

Question 20

city dwellers

Answer 20

below the federal poverty threshold, higher victimization rate [who is victimized

Question 21

costs of crime

Answer 21

economic, physical, emotional

Question 22

fear of crime

Answer 22

limits freedom, less safe, social anxiety

Question 23

criminal behavior is free will; offenders held accountable & punished

Answer 23

classical criminology

Question 24

social, bio., & psych. factors; punished specifically to need of offender

Answer 24

positivist criminology

Question 25

born criminals; physical traits/heredity through disease [genetic makeup, iq]

Answer 25

criminogenic [bio. explanation]

Question 26

crime caused by unconscious forces & drives (freud) [id, ego, superego: drives, desires, conscience]

Answer 26

psych. explanations

Question 27

crime caused by social conditions

Answer 27

sociological explanations

Question 28

criminal behavior related to social class

Answer 28

social structure theories [soc. explanation]

Question 29

anyone can be a criminal offender: regardless of demographics

Answer 29

social process theories [soc. explanation]

Question 30

criminal activity is learned

Answer 30

learning theories [soc. explanation]

Question 31

learned from interactions with others

Answer 31

theory of differential association [soc. explanation]

Question 32

social links keep society in line [family, church, peers]

Answer 32

control theories [soc. explanation]

Question 33

criminal because persons are labeled as criminals by society

Answer 33

labeling theories [soc. explanation]

Question 34

laws & justice made by powerful to control the weak [critical theory]

Answer 34

critical criminology

Question 35

crimes due to conflict within society [critical theory]

Answer 35

social conflict theories

Question 36

focus on male criminality; explores female role in crime [critical theory]

Answer 36

feminist theories

Question 37

identify factors that shape criminal activity over lifetime on individual, factors that pos./neg. affect behavior, correlate crime to series of events/life choices

Answer 37

life course theories

Question 38

combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model

Answer 38

integrated theories

Question 39

women in crime

Answer 39

less likely to commit crime than men, commit diff. crimes than men, arrested more for larceny/theft

Question 40

learned behavior, labeling effect

Answer 40

social process theories

Question 41

punishment used to control certain groups

Answer 41

critical theories

Question 42

turning point in one's life

Answer 42

life-course theories