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Intro to Psych > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

STUDY FOR YOUR EXAM BITCH (71 cards)

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1
Q

T or F: scientific method uses empirical evidence to establish facts/determine relationships between ideas

A

true

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2
Q

knowledge is acquired by observation

A

empiricism

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3
Q

potential explanations based on research

A

theories

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4
Q

testable predictions made by theory

A

hypothesis

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5
Q

T or F: theories and hypothesis are never proven

A

true

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6
Q

list the steps of scientific method in order: design/conduct experiment, identify problem, develop hypothesis, gather info/research, analyze data/form conclusions, restart process (replication/extension)

A

identify problem
gather info/research, develop hypothesis, experiment, analyze data/form conclusions, restart process (replication/extension)

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7
Q

technique for establishing cause vs effect relationships

A

experimentation

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8
Q

anything that changes/is measured/is manipulated

A

variables

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9
Q

things that stay the same

A

constants

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10
Q

what three things does experimentation require?

A

manipulation, 2+ conditions, random assignment

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11
Q

exposed to manipulated variable

A

experimental group

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12
Q

NOT exposed to manipulated variable

A

control group

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13
Q

what is another name for the manipulated variable

A

independent variable

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14
Q

what variable is the cause

A

independent variable

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15
Q

what variable is the effect

A

dependent variable

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16
Q

what variable is the measured variable

A

dependent variable

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17
Q

specific way researcher measures variable

A

operational definition

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18
Q

what type of analysis does analyzing data use

A

statistical analysis

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19
Q

replication or extension: re-doing an experiment with a new group

A

replication

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20
Q

replication or extension: add investigations/build onto ideas

A

extension

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21
Q

a relationship between 2+ variables

A

correlation

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22
Q

T or F: changes in variable arre accompanied by changes in other variable(s)

A

true

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23
Q

captures strength/direction of relationship between variables (ranges from -1 to +1)

A

correlation coefficient (r)

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24
Q

+ or -

A

direction

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25
weak, moderate, or strong
strength
26
what is the strength of -.80? why?
strong/closer to a whole number of -1/+1
27
what is the strength of +.23? why?
weak/not close to a whole number of -1/+1
28
variables increase together (same direction)
positive correlation
29
one variable increases while the other decreases (different directions)
negative vorirelation
30
variables not related (no pattern)
no correlation
31
does correlation = causation
FUCK NO
32
false correlation (no relationship)
illusory correlation
33
what type of correlation is divorce rates vs margarine consumption
illusory correlation
34
complete number of people of interest
population
35
part of population
sample
36
do we study population?
NO we generalize it
37
what do we study: population or sample
sample
38
equal chance of being selected
simple random sample/random sampling
39
selection based on convenience/ease of access
convenience sample
40
behavior in its natural setting
naturalistic observation
41
what approach is being used if watching for the correlation between crosswalks and helping behavior
naturalistic observation
42
questions answered/relies on self-report
survey
43
what approach is a SONA study
survey
44
research gathering info about a single or few people/rare phenomena
case study
45
twins conjoined at thalamus
Tatiana/Krista Hogan
46
survived railroad spike through brain/caused increase in irritability and personality change
Phineas Gage
47
experimental surgery (removal of part of brain) caused a decrease in seizures but severe memory loss
Patient HM
48
cues in a study that can lead participants to act how the researcher wants/expects
demand characteristics
49
how do we decrease the threat of demand characteristics
naturalistic observation/ use physiological (physical) measurements
50
observer expectations influence perception/recording results
observer bias
51
how do we decrease the threat of observer bias
double-blind study/trained observers
52
consistency of a measurement/test
reliability
53
accuracy of a measurement/test
validity
54
fill in blank: measure can be ___ without being ___ BUT must be ____ to be ___
measure can be reliable without being valid but must be reliable to be valid
55
set of principles/standards followed to protect participants
research ethics
56
respects of persons, beneficence, and justice
Belmont Report
57
what was established after the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment
Belmont Report
58
report methods/data accurately
respect for truth
59
ensures studies are ethical
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
60
agreement to participate in study/informs participants of all risks
informed consent
61
can not be coaxed into unsuitable conditions with large reward
freedom of coercion
62
participant pain/distress must be minimized
protection from harm
63
benefit must outweigh costs
risk-benefit analysis
64
must have debriefing, allowed but can NOT be excessive, used to get natural responses
deception
65
descriptions of true nature/purpose of study
debriefing
66
protection of privacy/personal info or results
confidentiality
67
what institute ensures animal welfare
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
68
use alternatives for animals if available
replacement
69
minimize pain/distress of animals used
refinement
70
use fewest amount of animals
reduction
71
what are the three rs of animal welfare
replacement refinement reduction

Intro to Psych (3 decks)

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