Chapter 3 Flashcards
LAZY BITCH (128 cards)
1
Q
interacting network of neurons that convey electrochemical info through body to send messages between the brain/body to control body function
A
nervous system
2
Q
brain/spinal cord, motor movement
A
central nervous sytem (CNS)
3
Q
perception, motor movement, emotional/cognitive functions
A
brain
4
Q
transmits sensory info to brain/distributes motor info to organs/muscles
A
spinal cord
5
Q
where do opioids work/target
A
spinal cord
6
Q
connects CNS to organs/muscles
A
peripheral nervous sytem (PNS)
7
Q
voluntary info between skeletal muscles/CNS
A
somatic nervous system
8
Q
involuntary/autonomic commands (blood vessels, organs, glands)
A
autonomic nervous system
9
Q
what is the sympathetic nervous system a part of
A
autonomic nervous sytem
10
Q
what is the autonomic nervous system part of
A
peripheral nervous system
11
Q
what is the parasympathetic system part of
A
autonomic nervous
12
Q
prepares for action (fight or flight)
A
sympathetic nervous system
13
Q
helps relax (rest/digestion)
A
parasympathetic nervous system
14
Q
supports neurons
A
glial cells
15
Q
nerve cells transmit electrochemical signals for communication/info-processing
A
neurons
16
Q
sends signals from spinal cord to muscles, provide movement
A
motor neurons
17
Q
sends signals from world to brain via spinal cord, has special endings
A
sensory neurons
18
Q
connects neurons
A
interneurons
19
Q
info processing/keeps cell alive
A
cell body/soma
20
Q
receive info/transports messages to cell body
A
dendrites
21
Q
action potential/delivers messages to terminals
A
axon
22
Q
speeds up impulse/fatty insulating layer
A
myelin sheath
23
Q
electric signaling (conduction)
A
action potential
24
Q
chemical signaling (transmission)
A
synaptic transmission
25
what comes first: action potential or synaptic transmission
action potential
26
difference in charge across cell membrane (-70mV)
resting membrane potential
27
high to low concentration ion movement
diffusion
28
Outside the cell has high concentration of ___ and ___
Na+ and Cl-
29
Inside the cell as high concentration of ___ and ___
K+ and protein-
30
which uses energy: diffusion or sodium-potassium pump
sodium-potassium pump
31
what type of energy does the sodium-potassium pump use
ATP energy
32
what does not use energy/is passive: diffusion or sodium-potassium pump
diffusion
33
t or f: action potential is an all-or-none signal
true
34
electric signal conducted from axon to synapse
action potential
35
list order of signal in action potential: signal travels down axon, signal transmitted from terminal buttons, signal received in dendrites
signal received in dendrites, signal travels down axon, signal transmitted from terminal buttons
36
fluid-filled gas between neurons
synapse
37
release neurotransmitters
terminal buttons/axon terminals
38
chemicals that carry info/allow neuronal communication
neurotransmitters
39
parts of cell membrane/receive transmitters and initiate/prevent new electric signal
receptors
40
sending/receiving neurotransmitters
synaptic transmission
41
what do we do to prevent constant signaling
get rid of excess neurotransmitters
42
three ways to get rid of excess neurotransmitters
reuptake
enzyme deactivation
diffusion
43
NT for: voluntary motor control, memory, attention
acetylcholine
44
NT for: motor behavior, mood, pleasure
dopamine
45
NT for: excitatory, memory, learning
glutamate
46
NT for: inhibitory, sleep, stress
GABA
47
NT for: alertness, mood
norepinephrine
48
NT for: mood, well-being, aggressive behavior
serotonin
49
NT for:pain/pleasure
endorphins
50
drug that increases actions of NTs
agonist
51
agonist or antagonist: Levodopa
agonist
52
agonist or antagonist: Haloperidol
antagonist
53
drug that diminishes actions of NTS
antagonist
54
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: medulla
hindbrain
55
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: reticular formation
hindbrain
56
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: cerebellum
hindbrain
57
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: pons
hindbrain
58
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: tectum
midbrain
59
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: tegmentum
midbrain
60
controls heart rate, circulation, respiration
medulla
61
regulates arousal, sleep, wakefulness, attention, alertness
reticular formation
62
controls/coordinates fine motor movements
cerebellum
63
relays info from cerebellum to rest of brain
pons
64
orients organism in environment
tectum
65
involved in movement/arousal
tegmenjtum
66
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: cerebral cortex
forebrain
67
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: subcortical structures
forebrain
68
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: thalamus
forebrain
69
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain:hypothalamus
forebrain
70
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: hippocampus
forebrain
71
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: amygdala
forebrain
72
hindbrain, forebrain, or midbrain: basal ganglia
forebrain
73
outermost layer of brain
cerebral cortex
74
how is the cerebral cortex divided
left/right hemispheres
75
areas under cerebral cortex/near center of brain
subcortical structures
76
what are the subcortical structures
thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia
77
relays/filters info from senses, transmits it to cerebral cortex
thalamus
78
maintains homeostasis
hypothalamus
79
critical for memory/learning
hippocampus
80
critical for emotional processes/formation of emotional memories
amygdala
81
higher level processes/body's ultimate control and info-processing center
cerebral cortex
82
directs intentional movements/plays a tole in reward processing
basal ganglia
83
bundle of nerve fibers that allow for communication between hemispheres
corpus callosum
84
each hemisphere is responsible for functions (contralateral control)
lateralization
85
surgically sever corpus collasum
split-brain procedure
86
processes/interprets light stimuli/visual info
occipital lobe
87
processes info about touch/body position, contains somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
88
hearing/language, contains primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
89
what lobe is the wernicke's area in
temporal lobe
90
what lobe is the brooks area in
frontal lobe
91
movement, decision making, abstract thinking/planning
frontal lobe
92
what lobe was impacted the Phones Gage was in his accident
frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex/motor cortex
93
brain damage causing difficulty with language
aphasia
94
understand language/struggle with speech production
broca's aphasia
95
good speech production/speech is meaningless
wernickes aphasia
96
brain can grow, adapt, and change
brain plasticity
97
ability of neurons/associated networks to change
near-plasticity
98
T or F: practice/experience, exercise, culture influence brain plasticity
true
99
uses x-rays to show tissue densities/locate lesions and tumors
CT
100
uses magnetism to examine brain structure composition/localize brain damage
MRI
101
uses direction of diffusion to visualize white matter pathways
DTI
102
uses radiation to track brain activation *requires injection of a radioactive substance*
PET
103
104
what do PET scans require?
injection of radioactive substance
105
uses magnetic pulses to measure brain activation via blood flow
fMRI
106
how do fMRIs measure brain activation
blood flow
107
what are CTs used to show/find
tissue densities/lesions and tumors
108
what do MRIs examine/localize
brain structure composition/brain damage
109
what do CTs use to get results
x-rays
110
what do MRIs use to get results
magnetism
111
what do DTIs show
white matter pathways
112
how do DTIs get results
uses direction of diffusion
113
does PET use radiation?
yes
114
what do PETs track
brain activation
115
what do fMRIs use to measure results
magnetic pulses
116
records electrical activity in brain
EEG
117
activates/deactivates regions of brain with magnetic pulse *temporarily mimics brain damage*
TMS
118
what does TMS mimic
brain damage
119
what does TMS use to activate/deactivate parts of the brain
magnetic pulse
120
network of glands that produce/secrete hormones into bloodstream/influence behavior
endocrine system
121
chemical messengers that help body communication/change
hormones
122
T or F: endocrine system is slow because hormones travel through the blood stream
true
123
homeostasis/controls hormone release from the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
124
circadian rhythm/secretes melatonin to regulate sleep
pineal gland
125
releases hormones that direct function of other endocrine glands/"master gland"
pituitary gland
126
"master gland"
pituitary gland
127
major unit of hereditary transmission
gene
128
study of how environment determines whether genetics are expressed or not
epigenetics
