Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical Reference Structure
A
terms used to describe the location of body plains, directions, and cavities
2
Q
Structures of the body
A
cells, tissue, and gland that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly
3
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genetics
A
genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their children
4
Q
tissues
A
group of similarly specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions
5
Q
glands
A
group of specialized cells that are capable of producing secretions
6
Q
anatomy
A
study of the structures of the body
7
Q
anatomical
A
referring to anatomy
8
Q
physiology
A
study of functions of the structures of the body
9
Q
physi
A
nature or physical
10
Q
anatomical position
A
describes the body standing in the standard position; upright with arms at sides
11
Q
body planes
A
imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to divide the body into sections for descriptive purposes
12
Q
midsagittal plane
A
divided the body into equal right and left halves, midline
13
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transverse plane
A
divides the body into superior and inferior portions
14
Q
superior
A
uppermost, above, or toward the head
15
Q
inferior
A
lowermost, below, towards the feet
16
Q
frontal plane
A
divides the body into anterior and posterior portions, coronal place
17
Q
vertical plane
A
an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
18
Q
sagittal plane
A
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
19
Q
horizontal plane
A
flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon
20
Q
ventral
A
refers to the front, or belly side, of an organ or the body
21
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ventr
A
belly side of the body
22
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dorsal
A
refers to the back of an organ or the body
23
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dors
A
back of the body
24
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anterior
A
situated in the front, on the front, or forward part of an organ
25
anter
front or before
26
posterior
situated in the back, or on the back part of an organ
27
poster
back or toward the back
28
cephalic
toward the head
29
cephal
head
30
caudal
toward lower part of the body
31
caud
tail or lower part of the body
32
proximal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
33
distal
situated furthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
34
medial
direction toward, or nearer, the midline
35
lateral
direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
36
bilateral
relating to, or having, two sides
37
body cavities
spaces within gate body that contain and protect internal organs
38
dorsal cavity
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body function
39
cranial cavity
within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
40
spinal cavity
surrounds the spine
41
ventral cavity
along the front of the body, contains the organs that sustain homeostasis
42
homeostasis
process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
43
home/o
constant
44
-stasis
control
45
thoracic cavity
chest cavity, contains thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
46
diaphragm
muscle, separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
47
abdominal cavity
contains major organs of digestion, also referred to as abdomen
48
pelvic cavity
space formed by hip bones and contains organs of reproductive and excretory systems
49
pelv
pelvis
50
inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of abdomen
51
groin
crease at junction of trunk with upper end of thighs
52
right and left hypochondriac regions
covered by lower ribs
53
chondr/i
cartilage
54
epigastric region
located above the stomach
55
epi-
above
56
right and left lumbar regions
near inward curve of the spine
57
lumb
lower back, between ribs and pelvis
58
umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus (belly button/naval)
59
right and left iliac regions
near hip bones
60
ili
hip bone
61
hypogastric region
below the stomach
62
quadrent
divided into four
63
right upper quadrant
RUQ
64
left upper quadrant
LUQ
65
right lower quadrant
RLQ
66
left lower quadrant
LLQ
67
peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within in the abdominal cavity
68
membrane
layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ
69
parietal peritoneum
outer layer that lines the interior of the abdomen wall
70
parietal
cavity wall
71
mesentary
fused double layer of parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
72
visceral peritoneum
inner layer of peritoneum that surrounds the organs in the abdominal cavity
73
visceral
relating to internal organs
74
retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum
75
retro
behind
76
periton
peritoneum
77
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
78
cells
basic structures and functional units of the body; specialized and grouped to form tissues and organs
79
cytology
study of anatomy, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
80
cytologist
specialist in the study and analysis of cells
81
cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contends of a cell
82
cytoplasm
material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
83
-plasm
formative material of cells
84
nucleus
surrounded by nuclear membrane, structure within the cell; controls activities of cell and helps cell divide
85
adult/somatic stem cells
undifferential cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ, job is to maintain and repair tissue
85
stem cells
unspecialized, able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division, can be transformed into specialized cells
86
embryonic stem cells
undifferentiated, ability to form any adult cell, grow rapidly from cord blood
86
undifferentiated
not having a specific function
87
differentiated
has a specific function
88
embry/o
fertilized ovum
89
embryo
first 8 weeks
90
stem cell therapy
regenerative medicine, to heal injuries and treat diseases; harvested from hematopoietic (blood forming) tissue of bone marrow
91
graft vs. host disease
happens in stem cells aren't perfect match
92
gene
fundamental physical and functional unity of heredity
93
genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to children and role of genes in health and disease
94
gene-
producing
95
dominant gene
if inherited from from either parent will show up
96
recessive gene
has to be inherited from both parents to show up
97
chromosome
genetic structure within nucleus of each cell, made of DNA
97
genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
98
somatic cell
any cell except gametes 46 chromosomes
99
gamate/sex cell
each ovum or sperm, 23 chromosomes
100
helix
shape twisted like a spiral staircase
101
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
material that carries genetic information, forms double helix, no two DNA patterns are the same
102
genetic mutation
change in the sequence of a DNA molecule, cause of genetic mutation
103
somatic cell mutation
change within cells of the body, cannot be transmitted
104
gametic cell mutation
change within genes in a gamete, can be transmitted by a parent to child
105
genetic engineering
manipulating or slicing of genes for scientific of medical purposes
106
genetic disorder/hereditary disease
pathological condition cause by an absent or defective gene
107
down syndrome
trisomy 21, characteristic facial appearance, learning disability, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities ie. heart valve disease
107
cystic fibrosis
at birth, affects respiratory and digestive systems
108
hemophilia
hereditary bleeding disorder, blood-clotting factory missing, most common in males, spontaneous hemorrhaging
109
fragile X syndrome
changes in MR1 gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development; developmental delays, learning disabilities, social and behavior problems
110
Huntington's disease (HD)
hereditary, nerve degeneration, appears in midlife, eventually uncontrolled movements, loss of some mental abilities and psychiatric disorders
111
muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
111
marfan syndrome
affects connective tissues in heart eyes and musculoskeletal system; tall, slender, disproportionately long arms, legs, and fingers
111
histology
microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissue
112
phenylketonuria (PKU)
essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylate is missing
113
tissue
group or larger of similarly specialized cells that join together to preform certain specific functions
114
histologist
non-physician specialist who studies microscopic structure of tissues
114
hist
tissue
114
epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and surface layer of mucous membranes
115
epithelial tissue
forms a protective covering for all internal and external surfaces, forms glands
115
endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs
116
dense connective tissues
bond and cartilage, forms joints and framework of the body
117
connective tissues
support and connect organs and other body tissues
118
adipose tissue
fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support
119
adip
fat
120
fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout body
120
loose connective tissue
holds organs in place and binds tissue together
121
muscle tissue
contains cell with specialized ability to contract and relax
122
nerve tissue
contains cell with specialized ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
123
aplasia
defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue
124
-plasia
formation
125
hypoplasia
underdevelopment of an organ or tissue, usually due to decreased number of cells
126
anaplasia
change in structure of cell and in their orientation to each other
127
ana-
backwards
128
dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, or presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
129
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells in a tissue or organ
130
hypertrophy
general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is due to increase in size, but not number, of cells in the tissue
131
gland
group of specialized epithelial cells that can produce secretions
132
secretion
substance produces by a gland
133
exocrine gland
secrete chemical substances into ducts that go to other organs or out of the body
133
-crine
secrete
133
endocrine gland
produce hormones, do not have ducts, secrete directly into the bloodstream to organs or structures
134
exo-
out of
135
endo-
within
136
aden/o
gland
137
adentitis
inflammation of a gland
138
andenoids
mass of gland-like tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
139
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glands
140
carcin
cancerous
141
malignant
harmful, capable of spreading, potentially life threatening
142
adenoma
benign tumor, starts in epithelial tissue of a gland
143
adenosis
any disease or condition of a gland
144
organ
somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
145
-pathy
disease, suffering, feeling and emotion
146
pathologist
physician who specializes in laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis
147
etiology
study of causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
148
eti-
cause
149
pathogen
disease-producing microorganism
150
transmission
speed of a disease
151
contamination
pathogen is possible present
152
communicable, contagious disease
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with a contaminated object
153
communicable
capable of being transmitted
154
direct transmission
human-to-human contact in for of touch or exchange of body fluids
155
blood borne transmission
spread of pathogen through infected blood or other body fluids
156
droplet transmission
spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing
157
indirect contact transmission
susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
158
airborne transmission
contact with pathogens floating in the air, dangerous during aerosol-generating procedures
159
aerosol
fine liquid particle suspended in air or on another gas
160
food-borne and waterborne transmission
fecal-oral transmission; eating or drinking contaminated food or water that hasn't been treated to remove contamination or hill pathogens
161
vector-borne transmission
insect bit, spread of disease through blood sucking vectors
162
vector
insect ie. flies, fleas, mites, ticks, and mosquitoes
163
epidemiologist
specialist in study of outbreaks of disease within a population
164
dem/i
population
165
endemic
ongoing presence of a disease in a population, group or area
166
epidemic
sudden widespread outbreak of disease within a specific population, group or area
167
pandemic
outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, or globally
168
pan-
entire
169
organic disorder
produces symptoms that are detectable physical changes
170
functional disorders
non-organic, produces physical symptoms for which no disease or organic cause can be identified
171
iatrogenic illness
unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
172
idiopathic disease
any disease without known cause
173
idi/o
peculiar to an individual
174
iatrogenic
greek, "caused by healer"
175
infectious disease
illness caused by living, pathogenic organisms ie. bacteria or viruses
176
nosocomial infection
disease acquire in a hospital or clinical setting
177
metabolic syndrome
medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease stroke, and type 2 diabetes ie. high blood pressure, high cholesterol, high insulin
178
congenital disorder
abnormal condition that exists at birth
179
developmental disorders
birth defect, result in anomaly or malformation
180
anomaly
deviation from "normal"
181
atreasia
congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
182
prenatal risk factors
mothers health, behavior and prenatal medical care
183
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and behavioral traits, growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and social difficulties
184
premature birth
earlier than 37th week, can cause serious problems, systems haven't had time to form completely, breathing difficulties, heart problems
185
birth injuries
disorder that occur as a result of trauma during labor and delivery, most heal quickly
186
geriatrics
study of the medical problems and care of older people, gerontology
187
postmortem
after death
188
autopsy
postmortem examination, determined cause of death, presence of disease and effectiveness of treatment
189
advance directive
documents used to provide guidance about what type of treatment a person may want to receive
190
health care proxy
durable power of attorney for health care, advanced directive that allows a person to appoint a person they trust to make treatment decisions for them
191
living will
physicians orders for life-sustaining treatment (POLST), document that allows a person to make their wishes for end-of-life medical treatment known
192
do not resuscitate (DNR)
no code, allow natural death, legal document stating person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if heart or breathing stops
193
healthcare professionals
care for wellbeing of patients during their lifetime
194
allied health professionals
roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy
195
primary care provider
PCP
196
general practitioner
family practice physician, provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
197
internist
specialized in diagnosis and treating of diseases/disorders of the internal organs and related body systems
198
pediatrician
specializes in diagnosing, treating and preventing disorder/diseases of infants and children; pediatrics)
199
ped
child
200
geriatrician, gerontologist
specializes in care of older people
201
ger
old age
202
-iatrics
field of medicine
203
nurse practitioner
NP, nursing with graduate training, works as PCP
204
physician assistant
PA, license professional, works under supervision of physician
205
medical receptionist
schedules and registers patients for appointment, can work as a MA
206
(clinical) medical assistant
MA/CMA, administrative and clinical tasks, codes patient information, measures vital signs, administers injections, and draws blood
207
medical coder
review patients medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment and procedures
208
alphanumeric
consisting of both numbers and letters
209
emergency room/department
focuses of diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions, triage
210
emergency physician
doctor who specialized in high-acuity medicine
211
acuity
level of severeness of an illness
212
emergency medical technician
EMT, licensed, work in pre-hospital setting on ambulance or ER
213
registered nurse
RN, assess patient and provide care following a doctors orders
214
licensed vocational/practical nurse
LVN/LPN, works under supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic care
215
Certified nurses assistant
CNA, works under RN to provide basic care
216
pharmacist
dispenses prescribed medication to patients
217
intensive/critical care unit
ICU, prides continuously monitored care of critically ill patients
218
intensivist
physician specializing in care of critically ill patients hospitalized in ICU
219
hospitalist
physician focus on general medical care of hospitalized patients
220
telemetry
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patient with heart problems not needing intensive care
221
tele
distant
222
-metry
measure
223
telemetry
electrical transmission of data about patients heart
224
medical/surgical unit
meg/surg, provides care to lower-acuity patient who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring
225
A&P
anatomy and physiology
226
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
227
GP
general practitioner
228
HD
Huntington's Disease
