Chapter 9 Flashcards
Urinary System
1
Q
urinary system
A
important in maintaining homeostasis, maintain balance of water, electrolytes and acid by filtering blood, removes urea, creatinine, uric acid and other waste materials and turns them into urine
2
Q
urea
A
major waste product of protein metabolism
3
Q
creatinine
A
waste products of muscle metabolism
4
Q
urinary tract
A
two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, one urethra
5
Q
genitourinary tract
A
refers to urinary and reproductive systems together
6
Q
kidneys
A
filter blood to remove waste products and excess water, excrete urine (95% water, 5% urea and other body waste), located in retroperitoneal space
7
Q
renal
A
pertaining to the kidneys
8
Q
retroperitoneal
A
behind peritoneum
9
Q
renal cortex
A
outer region of kidney, contains nephrons
10
Q
medulla
A
inner region of kidneys, contains most of the urine-collecting tubules
11
Q
nephrons
A
microscopic functional units of kidneys, urine is produced here through filtration, reabsorption and secretion
12
Q
glomerulus
A
in nephrons, cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman’s capsule and renal tubule
13
Q
renal artery
A
blood enters kidneys through
14
Q
renal vein
A
filtered blood containing protein and blood cells leaves kidneys through
15
Q
renal pelvis
A
funnel-shaped area inside each kidney, surrounded by renal cortex and medulla, where urine collects before lowing into ureters
16
Q
ureters
A
two narrow tubes, 10-12 inches long, transport urine from kidney to bladder via peristalsis
17
Q
ureteral orifices
A
urine drains from ureters into bladder through
18
Q
orifices
A
opening
19
Q
urinary bladder
A
oval, hollow, muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine, in anterior portion of pelvic cavity behind pubic symphysis, has rage that allow it to expand
20
Q
urethra
A
tube extending from bladder to exterior of body
21
Q
urinary sphincters (2)
A
either end of urethra, control flow of urine from bladder into urethra and out of urethra through urethral meatus
22
Q
urethral meatus
A
urinary meatus; external opening of urethra
23
Q
meatus
A
external opening of a canal
24
Q
female urethra
A
~1.5 inches long, meatus between clitoris and opening of vagina, transports only urine
25
male urethra
~8 inches long, meatus at tip of penis, transports urine and semen
26
prostate gland
part of male reproductive system, surrounds urethra, disorders affect ability to urinate
27
urination
voiding, micturition; normal process of excreting urine
28
urinate
micturate; bladders fills with urine and pressure is placed on base of urethra
29
nephrologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys
30
urologist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and genitourinary system of males
31
nephropathy
any disease of kidney, both degenerative and inflammatory
32
diabetic nephropathy
kidney disease resulting from poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
33
renal failure
kidney failure; inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions
34
azotemia
elevation of blood urea nitrogen caused by lack of blood flow to each kidney
35
uremia
uremic poisoning; toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea and other waste products normally secreted in urine are retained in blood
36
acute renal failure
sudden onset and is characterized by uremia, can be fatal, caused by kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration of sudden drop in blood volume or pressure
37
chronic kidney disease
progressive loss of renal function over months or years, from diabetes mellitus, hypertension of family history
38
end-stage renal disease
kidney failure; final stage of chronic kidney disease, fatal unless functions are replaced by dialysis or kidney transplant
39
nephrotic syndrome
nephrosis; group of conditions in which excessive amounts of protein are lost through urine, damage to glomeruli
40
hyperproteinuria
presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in urine
41
hypoproteinemia
presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in blood
42
minimal change disease
nephrotic syndrome in children, nephrons look normal under regular microscope
43
ectopic kidney
congenital condition in which one kidney is located in an abnormal position of has fused with the other kidney
44
hydronephrosis
dilation one or both kidneys
45
nephritis
an inflammation of the kidney(s), caused by toxins, infection or autoimmune disease
46
glomerulonephritis
type of nephritis caused by inflammation the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into urine
47
pyonephrosis
nephropyosis; suppuration of the kidney, associated with hydronephrosis
48
suppuration
formation of pus
49
polycystic kidney disease
genetic disorder characterized by growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts int he kidneys, reduce kidney function
50
renal colic
acute pain in kidney area caused by blockage during passage of a nephrolith
51
renal cell carcinoma
most common form of kidney cancer in a adults, cause flank pain and blood in urine, usually asymptomatic until tumors large enough to impair kidney functions
52
Wilms tumor
nephroblastoma; rare type of malignant tumor of kidney, in young children
53
stone
calculus; abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within body, named fro organ or tissue where it is located
54
nephrolithiasis
presence of stones in kidney
55
urinary tract obstruction
blockage that prevents flow of urine in one part of urinary tract
56
nepholith
kidney stone, renal calculus
57
ureterolith
stone anywhere along ureter
58
cystolith
stone in urinary bladder
59
hydroureter
distention of ureter with urine that cannot flow because of ureteral obstruction
60
ureteral obstruction
blockage of one or both ureters,d ue to congenital abnormality, ureterolith or tother disorders
61
ureterorrhagia
discharge of blood from ureter
62
cystalgia
cystodynia; pain in the bladder
63
cystocele
prolapsed bladder; hernia of bladder through vaginal walls
64
interstitial cystitis
chronic inflammation within walls of the bladder
65
vesicoureteral reflux
abnormal opening between bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from bladder into vagina
66
neurogenic bladder
urinary problem caused by interference with normal nerve pathways associated with urination, can result in incontinence or retention
67
benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign prostate hypertrophy, enlarged prostate; enlargement of the prostate, makes urination difficult and urinary tract problems for men
68
hyperplasia
increase in cell numbers
69
prostatism
disorder resulting form compression or obstruction of urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, causes difficulty urinating, urinary retention
70
prostate cancer
most common cancer among men
71
prostatitis
group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland
72
chronic nonbacterial prostatitis
most common, no known cause
73
bacterial prostatitis
results form bacteria transported in urine
74
urethrorrhagia
bleeding from urethra
75
urethrorrhea
abnormal discharge from urethra
76
urethrostenosis
urethral stricture; narrowing of the urethra, almost exclusively in men, caused by scarring
77
epispadias
congenital abnormality of urethral opening, upper surface of penis, in clitoris
78
hypospadias
congenital abnormality of urethral opening, dental side surface of penis, in vagina
79
urinary tract infection
usually begins in bladder, bacteria , more frequent in women
80
urosepsis
life-threatening systemic bacterial infection that can occur when utilized spreads to kidneys
81
recurrent urinary tracts infection
cystitis that occurs 2+ times in three months or 3+ times in a year
82
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
83
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
84
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
85
anuria
absence of urine formation by kidneys
86
diuresis
increased output of urine
87
dysuria
difficult or painful urination
88
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
89
nocturnal enuresis
bed-wetting; urinary incontinence during sleep
90
nocturia
frequent and excessive urination during night
91
oliguira
scanty urination, dehydration, renal failure or urinary tract obstruction
92
polyuria
excessive urination, diabetes
93
urinary hesitancy
difficulty in starting urinary stream
94
bashful bladder syndrome
inability to urinate when another person is present
95
urinary retention
inability to completely empty bladder
96
urinary incontinence
inability to control voiding of urine
97
overflow incontinence
continuous leaking from bladder, full or retention
98
stress incontinence
inability to control voiding of urine user physical stress
99
overactive bladder
urge incontinence; occurs when muscles of bladder involuntarily contract even through bladder isn't full enough
100
urinalysis
examination of urine for presence of abnormal elements
101
glomerular filtration test
blood test used to check how well kidneys are functioning at filtering blood
102
bladder ultrasound
use of handheld transducer to look for stones of for elevation bladder and measure residual amount of urine remaining in bladder after urination
103
cystoscopy
visual examination of urinary bladder using cystoscope
104
computed tomography
CT scan; evaluate urinary system
105
cystography
x-ray or fluoroscopy examination of bladder after contract medium is instilled via urethral catheter, creates cystogram
106
fluoroscopy
uses continuous x-rays, can be used to track flow of contract or direct an intervention
107
intravenous pyelogram
set of x-ray images of kidneys, ureter and bladder using an intravenous contrast medium
108
KUB
flat-plate of the abdomen; x-ray study without contrast medium, detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths
109
retrograde pyelogram
x-ray of urinary system taken after contract medium has been instilled into one or both ureters through sterile catheter and caused to blow upward through urinary tract
110
voiding cystourethregraphy
diagnostic procedure in which fluoroscopy is used to examine flow of urine from bladder and through urethra
111
digital rectal examination
performed on men by using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in rectum to palpate prostate gland and detect enlargement and look for indications of cancer or tumors
112
prostate-specific antigen blood test
used to screen fro prostate cancer, measures amount of prostate-specific antigen present in blood, high PSA indicates cancer
113
diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion, rid body of excess water and salt
114
antibiotics
used to treat utis
115
antispasmodics
block signals that caused urinary incontinence
116
dialysis
procedure to remove waste products from blood of patient whose kidneys no longer function
117
hemodialysis
waste products are filtered directly from patient's' blood, performed on external hemodialysis machine (artificial kidney)
118
shunt
placed in arm, artificial passage that allows blood to flow between body and hemodialysis unit
119
dialysate
sterilized solution made up of water and electrolytes, cleanses blood
120
peritoneal dialysis
lining of peritoneal cavity acts as filter, dialysate flows into cavity around intestines through catheter, fluid is left in for period of time to remove waste products then drained
121
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
automated peritoneal dialysis; uses machine to cycle dialysate solution during night
122
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
provides ongoing dialysis as patient goes about daily activities
123
nephrolysis
surgical freeing of kidney from adhesions
124
nephrostomy
placement of catheter to maintain opening from pelvis of one or both kidneys to exterior of body
125
pyelotomy
surgical incision into renal pelvis
126
renal(kidney) transplant
grafting donor kidney into body to replace failed kidneys, only need one
127
extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
most common kidney stone treatment, higher-energy ultrasonic waves used to break stone into fragments, excreted in urine
128
percutaneous nephrelithotomy
surgical removal of nephroltih through small incision back
129
ureterectomy
surgical removal of a ureter
130
cystectomy
surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder
131
ileal conduit
urinary ileostomy; use small piece of intestine to convey urine to ureters and stoma in abdomen
132
cystorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a wound of defect in bladder
133
lithotomy
surgical incision for removal of nephrolith from the bladder
134
urinary catheterization
catching; insertion of a catheter into bladder to withdraw urine, allow urine to drain freely or place fluid
135
indwelling catheter
remains inside body fro prolonged time
136
urethral catheter
inset catheter through urethra into bladder
137
suprapubic catheterization
placement of a catheter into the bladder via a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone
138
foley catheter
indwelling, made of flexible tube with balloon filled with sterile water to hold it in bladder
139
intermittent catheter
short-term catheter; inserted as needed to drain urine
140
meatotomy
surgical incision made in urethral meatus to enlarge opening
141
urethroplasty
surgical repair of damage or defect in walls of the urethra
142
urethrotomy
surgical incision into urethra for relief of a stricture
143
ablation
removal of a body part of destruction its function though use of surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, etc.
144
prostatectomy
surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland, treat cancer or reduce enlarged, causes erectile difficulties
145
radical prostatectomy
surgical removal of entire prostate gland here it is extremely enlarges or cancer is suspected
146
transurethral prostatectomy
removal of excess tissue from enlarged prostate gland with use of resectroscope
147
retrograde ejaculation
orgasm resulting in semen flowing backward into bladder, most common long-term complication of transurethral prostatectomy
148
kegel exercises
series of pelvis muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvis flor, control urinary stress incontinence, men-that prostate pain and swelling, women-after childbirth
149
bladder retraining
behavioral therapy, patient learns to urinate on a schedule with increasingly long time intervals inbetween as bladder increases capacity, treat urge incontinence
