Chapter 2

Question 1

Acculturation

Answer 1

The process by which one group (generally a minority or immigrant group) learns the culture of another group (generally the dominant group); also called cultural assimilation

Question 2

Americanization

Answer 2

The model of assimilation in which groups are pressured to conform to Anglo American culture (also called Anglo conformity)

Question 3

Anglo conformity

Answer 3

The model of assimilation in which groups are pressured to conform to Anglo American culture (also called Americanization)

Question 4

Anti-Semitism

Answer 4

Prejudice or ideological racism directed specifically toward Jews

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

The process by which formerly distinct and separate groups come to share a common culture and merge together socially

Question 6

Capital-intensive

Answer 6

Capital-intensive technology replaces hand labor with machine labor. Large amounts of capital are required to develop, purchase, and maintain the machines.

Question 7

Cultural Assimilation

Answer 7

The process by which one group (generally a minority or immigrant group) learns the culture of another group (generally the dominant group)

Question 8

Cultural Pluralism

Answer 8

A situation in which groups have not acculturated or integrated; each maintains a distinct identity

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

All aspects of the way of life associated with a group of people. Culture include language, beliefs, norms, values, customs, technology, and many other components.

Question 10

Enclave Minority Group

Answer 10

A group that establishes its own neighborhood and relies on a set of interconnected businesses, each of which is usually small in scope, for its economic survival

Question 11

Ethclass

Answer 11

The group formed by the intersection of social class and racial or ethnic groups

Question 12

Ethnic Revival

Answer 12

The movement toward increased salience for ethnic identity, which began for European Americans in the 1960s

Question 13

Ethnic Succession

Answer 13

The process by which white ethnic groups affected one another’s positions in the social class structure

Question 14

Human Capital Theory

Answer 14

Consistent with the traditional view of assimilation, this theory considers success to be a direct result of individual efforts, personal values and skills, and education

Question 15

Industrial Revolution

Answer 15

The shift in subsistence technology from labor-intensive agriculture to capital-intensive manufacturing

Question 16

Integration

Answer 16

The process by which a minority group enters the social structure of the dominant society; also called structural assimilation

Question 17

Intermarriage

Answer 17

Marriage between members of different groups; also called marital assimilation

Question 18

Labor-intensive

Answer 18

A form of production in which the bulk of the effort is provided by human beings working by hand. Machines and other labor-saving devices are rare or absent

Question 19

Marital Assimilation

Answer 19

Marriage between members of different groups

Question 20

Melting pot

Answer 20

A type of assimilation in which all groups contribute in roughly equal amounts to the creation of a new culture and society

Question 21

Middleman Minority Group

Answer 21

Groups that rely on interconnected businesses, dispersed throughout a community, for economic survival

Question 22

Multiculturalism

Answer 22

A general term for some versions of pluralism in the United States. Generally, multiculturism stresses mutual respect for all groups and celebrates the multiplicity of heritages that have contributed to the development of the United States

Question 23

New Immigration

Answer 23

Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe to the United States between the 1880s and 1920s

Question 24

Old Immigration

Answer 24

Immigration from Northern and Western Europe to the United States between the 1820s and the 1880sf

Question 25

Pluralism

Answer 25

A situation in which groups maintain separate identities, cultures, and organizational structures

Question 26

Primary Sector

Answer 26

Relationships and groups that are intimate and personal. Groups in the primary sector are small

Question 27

Principle of third-generation interest

Answer 27

The notion that the grandchildren of immigrants will stress their ethnicity much more than the second generation will

Question 28

Protestant Ethic

Answer 28

Stresses hard work, success, and individualism and was analyzed by Max Webber in his sociological classic, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Question 29

Race Relations Cycle

Answer 29

A concept associated with Robert Park, who believed that relations between different groups would go through predictable cycles from conflict to eventual assimilation

Question 30

Revolution

Answer 30

A minority group goal. A revolutionary group wishes to chance places with the dominant group or create a new social order, perhaps in alliance with other groups

Question 31

Secondary Sector

Answer 31

Relationships and organizations that are public, task oriented, and impersonal. Organizations in the secondary sector can be large

Question 32

Segmented Assimilation

Answer 32

The idea that assimilation can have a number of outcomes, in addition to eventual entry into mainstream society. Some groups may enter the middle class, but others may be permanently excluded, marginalized, and impoverished

Question 33

Separatism

Answer 33

A minority group goal. A separatist group wishes to sever all ties with the dominant group

Question 34

Social Structure

Answer 34

The networks of social relationships, groups, organizations, communities, and institutions that organize the work of a society and connect individuals to one another and to the larger society

Question 35

Sojourners

Answer 35

Immigrants who intend to return to their countries of origin

Question 36

Structural Assimilation

Answer 36

The process by which a minority group enters the social structure of the dominant society

Question 37

Structural Mobility

Answer 37

Rising occupational and social class standing that is the result of changes in the overall structure of the economy and labor market, as opposed to individual efforts

Question 38

Structural Pluralism

Answer 38

A situation in which a group has acculturated but is not integrated

Question 39

Symbolic Ethnicity

Answer 39

A sense of ethnicity that is superficial, voluntary, and changeable

Question 40

Triple Melting Pot

Answer 40

The idea that structural assimilation for white ethnic immigrants took place within the context of the three major American religions