Chapter 2 Flashcards
Arithmetic density
Total number of people divided by land area
- total number of objects in an area
- essentially how many people
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
(Helps account for economic differences in different countries)
Developed countries don’t have as many farmers needed
Census
Complete enumeration of a population
-every ten years
Sampling and nonparticipation
Crude birth rate (CBR)(also answer for death rate)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society’s population from high CBR and CDR to low CBR and CDR, and higher total population (same natural increase) ?
Demography
Scientific study of population characteristics
-demographers look statistically at how people are distributed spatially by age, gender, etc.
Dependency ratio
Number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Epidemiological transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Epidemiology
The branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
Industrial revolution
Series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Infant mortality rate(IMR)
Total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society
Life expectancy
Average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
Medical revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa
Natural increase rate (NIR)
Percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Overpopulation
Occurs when the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
Physiological density
The number of people per unit of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
-land that could possibly be farmed (how many people they have to squeeze on)
Population pyramid
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex
Sex ratio
Number of makes per 100 females in the population
Total fertility rate (TfR)
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
-use this to measure number of births in a society
Zero population growth (ZPG)
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Why is the study of population critically important?
- more people are alive at this time- more than 7 billion- than at any point in Earth’s history
- increased at a faster rate during the second half of the twentieth than ever before
- virtually all global population growth is concentrated in developing countries
