Chapter 2

Question 1

What is the periodontium defined as?

Answer 1

tissues that surround, support, and attach to the teeth, which include the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone

Question 2

Definition of gingiva

Answer 2

the fibrous tissue cover by mucous membrane that immediately surrounds the teeth; the visible component of the periodontium inside the mouth

Question 3

Definition of periodontal ligament

Answer 3

the mode of attachment of the tooth to the alveolus; the investing and supporting mechanism for the tooth

Question 4

Definition of cemetum

Answer 4

specialized, calcified connective tissue that covers the anatomic root of the tooth and gives attachment to the periodontal ligament

Question 5

Definition of alveolar bone

Answer 5

specialized bone structure that contains the alveoli or sockets of the teeth and supports the teeth

Question 6

Definition of alveoli

Answer 6

plural form of alveolus; the tooth sockets in the bone in which the teeth are attached by means of the periodontal ligament; each root of a multi-rooted tooth has an alveolus

Question 7

What is a pneumonic for periodontium?

Answer 7

Grandma Penelope Loves Cookies And Berries

Question 8

What words are used to describe the gingiva?

Answer 8

coral pink, pink, pale pink, pigmented

Question 9

Where is the gingiva distinguished from the oral mucosa?

Answer 9

at the mucogingival junction

Question 10

What is the mucogingival junction?

Answer 10

the line that indicates the transition from the loosely attached and moveable oral mucosa and the attached gingiva which is more firmly attached to the bone by collagen fibers

Question 11

What is the range of width for the attached gingiva?

Answer 11

varies from individual and from tooth to tooth but the range of width is 1 - 9 mm with an average of 3.5 - 4.5 mm in the maxilla and 3.3 - 3.9 mm in the mandible

Question 12

What is the measurement of the location of the gingival margin in fully erupted healthy teeth coronal to the CEJ?

Answer 12

0.5 - 2 mm

Question 13

True or False

The free gingiva may be distinguished from the attached gingiva by a free gingival groove

Answer 13

True (free gingival groove is a slight depression on the gingiva corresponding to the depth of the sulcus)

Question 14

Where does the free gingival groove occur most?

Answer 14

mandibular anterior and pre-molars 50% of the time

Question 15

The papillae that fill the embrasure spaces are also known as ?

Answer 15

interdental gingiva

Question 16

True or False

When the papillae is broad (often the case between posterior teeth) there is a non-keratinzed area called the col

Answer 16

True (this area is a slight depression of tissue between the buccal and lingual inter-dental papillae which indicates the fusion of two papillae to cover a wide space

Question 17

True or False

The gingival epithelium is joined to the underlying connective tissue by a basal lamina

Answer 17

True (300 - 400 angstrom’s thick)

Question 18

True or False

The basal lamina is joined to the connective tissue by fibrils

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False

The connection between the free and attached gingiva and the underlying connective tissue occurs in ridges of epithelium called retepegs

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is the surface tissue of the oral cavity made up of?

Answer 20

Stratified squamous epithelium which consists primarily of keratinocites but also include langerhans cells, merkl cells and melanocytes

Question 21

If a cell shows signs of being keratinized yet the cells of the superficial retain their nuclei, what is this surface called?

Answer 21

perakeritinized epithelium

Question 22

Which cells are considered to be part of the phagocytic system?

Answer 22

langerhans cells

Question 23

Which cells contain nerve endings and are associated with tactile sensitivity?

Answer 23

merkl cells

Question 24

Gingival fluid is believed to perform which functions?

Answer 24

cleansing the sulcus, improving epithelial cell adherence to the tooth surface, possessing antimicrobial and immune properties

Question 25

What is the location and function of dentogingival fibers?

Answer 25

radiate from the cementum into free gingiva and attached gingiva support the gingiva

Question 26

What is the location and function of alveologingival fibers?

Answer 26

radiate from periosteum into attached gingiva | attach gingiva to underlying bone

Question 27

What is the location and function of dentoperiosteal fibers?

Answer 27

course from cementum, near cementoenamel junction, across to alveolar crest anchor tooth to bone and protect periodontal ligament

Question 28

What is the location and function of circular fibers?

Answer 28

encircle entire tooth coronal to alveolar crest | support free gingiva

Question 29

What is the location and function of transseptal fibers?

Answer 29

span interdental space, with ends inserted into cementum of teeth maintain relationship between teeth

Question 30

What is the junctional epithelium?

Answer 30

separates PDL from oral environment and is made of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells

Question 31

What is the connective tissue between the gingiva called?

Answer 31

lamina propria bilayer of the papillary end reticular

Question 32

The PDL is a connective tissue complex that is primarily filled with?

Answer 32

fiber bundles and cells

Question 33

What are the principle fiber bundles that are attached to the cementum with brush like fibers called?

Answer 33

sharpies fibers

Question 34

True or False Fiber bundles transmit occlusal forces to the bone and resist occlusal forces and protect the vessels and nerves from entry

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the path, location and function of the alveolar crest bundle group?

Answer 35

runs from cementum, just apical to cementoenamel junction, to crystal bone retains tooth in socket; opposes lateral forces

Question 36

What is the path, location and function of the horizontal bundle group?

Answer 36

directly across periodontal ligament space | attaches root surface to alveolar bone

Question 37

What is the path, location and function of the oblique bundle group?

Answer 37

courses in oblique direction across periodontal ligament space and into alveolar bone largest group of fiber bundles; transfers occlusal stresses to bone

Question 38

What is the path, location and function of the apical bundle group?

Answer 38

runs from apex of root into alveolar bone, both apical and lateral to root apex probably suspensory because it does not occur in erupting teeth

Question 39

What is the path, location and function of the interradicular bundle group?

Answer 39

spreads apically into bone, from furcation | probably suspensory and protection of interradicular bone; present only in multi rooted teeth

Question 40

What is dehiscences?

Answer 40

resorbed area of bone over the facial surface of the root. can occur in patients with labially inclined roots

Question 41

What is fenestrations?

Answer 41

opening, or window, in the bone covering the facial surface of a root or a boneless window between two adjacent roots that almost touch

Question 42

What is root proximity?

Answer 42

poor alignment of the teeth in the arch so that roots rest close together which can cause the teeth to erupt

Question 43

What is complement made up of?

Answer 43

proteins and glycoproteins that account for about 5% of proteins in human serum

Question 44

What is the function of complement?

Answer 44

bacteriolysis, promotion of immune response, mediates the degranulation of mast cells, causes release of histamine and substances that increase permeability of small blood vessels

Question 45

Complement reacts in concert with what?

Answer 45

IgG and IgM, causing lysis and functional alteration of cell walls, which encourage phagocytosis

Question 46

What are cytokines?

Answer 46

substances produced by the stimulated immune cells

Question 47

What is the function of cytokines?

Answer 47

provide communication between cells, assist in the development and regulation of immune effector cells

Question 48

True or False Cytokines are more commonly referred to as interleukins

Answer 48

True

Question 49

The attachment apparatus is made up of

Answer 49

periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone

Question 50

Cells attracted to areas of the body by stimuli such as microbial influence or trauma as referred to as

Answer 50

chemotactic cells

Question 51

Inflammatory cells perform all of the following functions EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?

Answer 51

reduce osteoclastic activity

Question 52

B lymphocytes come from the liver, spleen and bone marrow. B lymphocytes are important in the antigen-antibody response

Answer 52

..

Question 53

The window of bone in healthy bone structure covering the surface of the root is called dehiscence. The dehiscence is a significant structure in periodontal disease

Answer 53

.

Question 54

The term probing is more accurate than the term sulcus depth for the clinician because the latter term is for histologic description only.

Answer 54

.

Question 55

The periodontal ligament fiber group that runs from the cementum to the crystal bone is termed

Answer 55

alveolar crest

Question 56

The presence of gingival fluid will increase

Answer 56

with inflammation