Chapter 4

Question 1

Definition of dental plaque biofilm

Answer 1

accumulations of microbes on the surface of the teeth or other solid oral structures, not easily removed by rinsing

Question 2

Definition of material alba

Answer 2

loosely adherent bacteria and tissue debris that can be easily removed by the mechanical action of a strong water spray

Question 3

Definition of glycocalyx

Answer 3

structure that contains a network of channels and canals existing within the biofilm, allowing exchange of nutrients between various microbes and removal of their waste products

Question 4

Definition of gram-negative

Answer 4

determined by use of gram staining to determine the cell wall structure of a bacterial organism (stains pink)

Question 5

Definition of gram-positive

Answer 5

Determined by use of gram staining to determine the cell wall structure of a bacterial organism (stains purple)

Question 6

Definition of adherence

Answer 6

act or quality of sticking to something

Question 7

Definition of aerobe

Answer 7

organism that requires an aerobic or oxygenated environment to survive

Question 8

Definition of anaerobe

Answer 8

microorganism that can exist and grow only in the partial or complete absence of oxygen

Question 9

Definition of bacterial coaggregation

Answer 9

adherence of certain bacteria to other bacterial species, forming direct attachment between the surface components of the two species and resulting in plaque biofilm accumulation

Question 10

Definition of endotoxin

Answer 10

nondiffusable lipid polysaccharide-polypeptide complex formed within bacteria; when released from destroyed bacterial cells, it is capable of producing a toxic manifestation in the host

Question 11

Definition of facultative anaerobic organism

Answer 11

organism that can use oxygen when oxygen is present but can use anaerobic fermentation when oxygen is absent

Question 12

Definition of gingival crevicular fluid

Answer 12

serum transudate found in the gingival sulcus

Question 13

Definition of glucan

Answer 13

polyglucose compound such as cellulose, starch, amylose, glycogen amylose, and callose

Question 14

Definition of lipopolysaccharide

Answer 14

compound or complex of lipid and carbohydrate

Question 15

Definition of microbial succession

Answer 15

changing composition of the biota due to aging of the plaque

Question 16

Definition of microbiota

Answer 16

microscopic organisms living in a particular region

Question 17

Definition of nonspecific plaque hypotheses

Answer 17

early theories about the ethnologic role of dental plaque in periodontal disease, suggesting that the severity of inflammation was directly directly related to the quantity of plaque in the mouth, based on the belief that plaque aaas a homogenous bacterial mass and that all plaques in all mouths have equal potential to cause disease

Question 18

Definition of orange complex bacteria

Answer 18

bacteria that have been characterized as late colonizers and tend to reside in the biofilm closest to the soft tissue lining of the pocket

Question 19

Definition of pathogenicity

Answer 19

ability to cause disease

Question 20

Definition of pellicle

Answer 20

film or membrane

Question 21

Definition of red complex bacteria

Answer 21

bacteria that have been characterized as late colonizers and virulent, and that tend to reside in the biofilm closest to the soft tissue lining of the pocket

Question 22

Definition of salivary glycoproteins

Answer 22

adsorption (attachment) of glycoproteins from saliva, probably the result of an ionic interaction between calcium and phosphate ions of the hydroxyapatite and the oppositely charged groups of the salivary glycoproteins

Question 23

Definition of specific plaque hypothesis

Answer 23

ideas that as many as a dozen microbial species may be responsible for most causes of periodontitis, compared with the nonspecific plaque hypothesis

Question 24

Definition of sub gingival plaque biofilm

Answer 24

plaque biofilm that is located in the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket

Question 25

Definition of supra gingival plaque biofilm

Answer 25

plaque biofilm that is deposited on the clinical crowns of the teeth

Question 26

Definition of virulence

Answer 26

power of a microorganisms to produce disease

Question 27

Plaque biofilm microbiota produces enzymes. Some of the enzymes produced by biofilm organisms enhance tissue destruction by activating the host immune response.

Answer 27

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Question 28

The scientific rationale for the dental hygienist to teach patients good plaque biofilm control is to

Answer 28

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Question 29

Plaque biofilm should be removed by the patient at a minimum every

Answer 29

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Question 30

Understanding that plaque is a biofilm is significant because

Answer 30

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Question 31

Gingivitis, which is considered to be a nonspecific infection, is a disease process that is unlikely to be progressive. Chronic periodontitis is likely caused by a limited number of organisms and is a disease process that is likely to progress.

Answer 31

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Question 32

The morphotypes of mature biofilm microbiota are different than those generally found in gram-positive biofilms because the environment becomes conductive to gram-negative and motile bacterial species

Answer 32

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Question 33

The most commonly found periodontal pathogen in the chronic periodontitis is

Answer 33

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Question 34

Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis is referred to as necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis when which event occurs?

Answer 34

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