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BIO 233 (Exam 1) > Chapter 2/3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2/3 Flashcards

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1
Q

______is made up of Atoms.

A

Matter.

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2
Q

_______ join together to form chemicals with different characteristics.

A

Atoms

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3
Q

Chemical characteristics determine _________ at the molecular and cellular level.

A

Physiology.

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4
Q

The Atomic number is equal to the number of ________.

A

Protons.

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5
Q

Mass number is equal to number of ______ plus ______.

A

Protons; neutrons.

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6
Q

What’s the atomic weight?

A

exact mass of all particles.

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7
Q

Ionic bonds?

A

attraction between positively (cations) and negatively (anions) charged particles. Ex. NaCl.

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8
Q

Covalent bonds.

A

Results from sharing of electrons of atoms to complete their outer shell.

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9
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Partially positive hydrogen is attracted to partially negative atom in another molecule (ex. water)

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds can occur within a ______ molecule.

A

Single

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11
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important forces for holding large _______ together.

A

Molecules.

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12
Q

Hydrogen bonds are responsible for many of the unique properties of _____.

A

Water.

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13
Q

Decomposition reaction is called _______.

A

Catabolism.

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14
Q

Decomposition takes _______ molecules and turns them into _______ molecules.

A

Large; Small

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15
Q

Synthesis reaction is also called _______.

A

Anabolism.

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16
Q

Synthesis reaction turns _______ molecules into _______ molecules.

A

Small; Larger.

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17
Q

What do enzymes do in the body?

A

Speed up reactions.

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18
Q

How do enzymes speed up reactions?

A

by lowering the required activation energy.

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19
Q

Exchange reactions are called ______ .

A

reversible.

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20
Q

Exchange (reversible) reactions seek _________.

A

equilibrium.

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21
Q

What happens if you add or remove reactants?

A

Reaction rates adjust to reach new equilibrium.

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22
Q

Activation energy?

A

The amount of energy required to start a reaction.

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23
Q

Enzymes belong to a class of substances called ___________.

A

Catalysts.

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24
Q

Catalysts?

A

Compounds that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed or consumed.

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25
An enzyme affects only the _______ of a reaction.
Rate.
26
Reactions that release energy are said to be __________.
exergonic
27
Exergonic reactions produce more ______ than they use.
Energy.
28
What reaction uses more energy than it produces?
Endergonic reactions.
29
Acid = pH _____ than 7. Has high ____ concentration. Base = pH _____ than 7. Has high ___ concentration.
Lower; H+. Higher; OH-.
30
What can an excess of H+ ions cause in the body?
Cell and tissue damage. Protein alteration. Interference with normal physiological function.
31
Acidosis?
Excess H+ in body fluid (low pH)
32
Alkalosis?
Excess OH- in body fluid (high pH)
33
Monosaccharides?
Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms (glucose).
34
Disaccharides?
2 simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis (sucrose).
35
Polysaccharides?
Chains of many simple sugars (glycogen).
36
Buffers?
Compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions.
37
The 4 macromolecules?
Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Nucleic acids.
38
A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Monomer.
39
Monomers join together through ______ _______ reactions to form polymers.
Dehydration Synthesis.
40
The monomers of macromolecules are separated, or released, through ______ _______.
Hydrolysis reactions.
41
Smallest absorb able unit of each Carbs, fat, and protein?
``` Carbs = Glucose. Fats = Fatty acids. Protein = Amino Acids. ```
42
Two types of fatty acids.
Saturated (no covalent bonds). Unsaturated (1 or more double bonds).
43
The most abundant and important organic molecule?
Protein.
44
Two types of Amino Acids.
Essential. | Non Essential.
45
7 major protein functions
``` Support (Structural Proteins). Movement (Contractile Proteins). Transport (Transport Proteins) Buffering (regulation of pH). Metabolic regulation (enzymes). Coordination and Control (Hormones). Defense (Antibodies). ```
46
________ control anatomical structure and physiological function. Determine cell shape and tissue properties. Perform almost all cell functions.
Proteins.
47
Peptide bond
A dehydration synthesis between the amino group of 1 amino acid and the carboxylic acid group of another amino acid.
48
polypeptide
A long chain of amino acids.
49
Secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats.
50
Tertiary Structure
Complex coiling and folding that gives a protein its final three dimensional shape.
51
Quaternary Structure
The final protein shape, several tertiary structures together.
52
Cofactor?
Helps enzymes. An ion or molecule that binds to an enzyme before substrates can bind.
53
Coenzyme?
Nonprotein organic cofactors. (Vitamins)
54
Enzyme Specificity?
One enzyme catalyzes one reaction.
55
Enzyme Saturation limits?
An enzyme's maximum work rate.
56
Enzyme Regulation?
The ability to turn on and off.
57
Cell membrane Function?
To separate the extracellular material from the intracellular material.
58
The cell membrane is a double layer of _________ molecules with proteins scattered throughout.
Phospholipid.
59
________ in the cell membrane provide structural support, form channels for passage of materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and provide identification markers.
Proteins.
60
Controls the composition of the cytoplasm by regulating movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Cell membrane.
61
Cytoplasm
Gel like fluid inside the cell, is largely water with a variety of solutes and has organelles suspended in it.
62
Cytoplasmic organelles (5)
``` Mitochondria. Ribosomes. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi Apparatus. Lysosomes. ```
63
Mitochondria?
Powerhouse of the cell. Function in the production of ATP, enclosed by a double membrane.
64
Ribosomes?
Granules of RNA that function in protein synthesis.
65
Rough Endoplasmic reticulum?
Transports proteins, associated with ribosomes.
66
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?
No ribosomes, and transports certain lipids.
67
Golgi Apparatus?
Modifies substances that are produced in other parts of the cell and prepares these products for secretion.
68
Lysosomes?
Contain enzymes that break down substances taken in at the cell membrane.
69
Cytoskeleton?
Formed from microfilaments and microtubules and helps to maintain the shape of the cell.
70
Centrioles?
Function in cell division.
71
Cilia?
Short, hairlike projections that move substances across the surface of a cell.
72
Flagella?
Long, threadlike, projections that move the cell.
73
Simple diffusion?
The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a permeable membrane.
74
Faciliated diffusion?
Requires a special carrier molecule but still moves particles down a concentration gradient.
75
Osmosis?
Diffusion of water.
76
Hypotonic solution?
Lower concentration.
77
Hypertonic solution?
higher concentration.
78
Isotonic?
When solutions are balanced. End of osmosis.
79
Active transport?
Moves susbtances against a concentration gradient, from region of lower to region of higher concentration. Requires energy use (ATP)
80
Passive transport?
Does not require energy use (ATP)
81
_________ uses pressure to push substances through a membrane; pores in the membrane filter determine the size of particles that will pass through it.
Filtration.

BIO 233 (Exam 1) (6 decks)

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