Chapter 2

Question 1

activity-passivity issue

Answer 1

issue that focuses on the extent to which human beings are active in creating and influencing their own environments and produce their own development
or
passively shaped by forces beyond their control

Question 2

continuity-discontinuity issue

Answer 2

focuses on whether the changes people undergo in their life-span are gradual or abrupt

Question 3

universality-context issue

Answer 3

issue in which the extents to which developmental changes are common to all humans (universal) or different across cultures

Question 4

id

Answer 4

impulsive, irrational, and selfish part of the personality

Question 5

ego

Answer 5

the rational side of the individual that tries to find realistic ways to gratifying the instincts

Question 6

superego

Answer 6

moral pert of personality

Question 7

Oral Stage

Answer 7

birth - 1 year

focus on exploring the world with their mouth

Question 8

Anal Stage

Answer 8

1 - 3 years

Potty training, being able to have control

Question 9

Phallic Stage

Answer 9

3 - 6 years

identification with same sex parent

Question 10

Latent Period

Answer 10

6 - 12 years

socializing with same sex friends

Question 11

Genital Stage

Answer 11

12 +

Puberty awakens sex drive

Question 12

Trust v. Mistrust

Answer 12

0 - 1 yr
get a sense of their environment
virtue: Hope

Question 13

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

Answer 13

1 - 3 y/o
interact with parents, being able to do stuff on their own
virtue: choice

Question 14

Initiative v. Guilt

Answer 14

3 - 6 y/o
interaction with family
virtue: Morals

Question 15

Industry v. Inferiority

Answer 15

6 - 12 y/o
Kids go to school, see how they interact with others not their family
virtue: competence

Question 16

Identity v. Role Confusion

Answer 16

12 - 20 y/o
begin dating and talking to other peers
virtue: Loyalty

Question 17

Intimacy v. Isolation

Answer 17

20 - 30 y/o
Begin to make significant life changes
Virtue: love

Question 18

Generativity v. Stagnation

Answer 18

30 - 65 y/o
main interaction is in the workplace
virtue: care

Question 19

Integrity v. Despair

Answer 19

65+
focus on their impact on “mankind”
virtue: wisdom

Question 20

Repression

Answer 20

removing unacceptable thoughts or traumatic memories from consciousness

Question 21

Regression

Answer 21

retreating to an earlier stage of development

Question 22

weaknesses of Erikson’s and Freud’s Theory

Answer 22

difficult to test

Question 23

tabula rasa

Answer 23

“blank slate”

Question 24

Classical conditioning

Answer 24

a simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response (Watson)

Question 25

Operant Conditioning

Answer 25

form of learning in which a learner's behavior becomes either more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces (Skinner)

Question 26

Positive reinforcement

Answer 26

adding a treat to enforce a behavior

Question 27

Negative reinforcement

Answer 27

taking an unpleasant stimulus away to enforce a behavior (beeping for seat belt)

Question 28

Positive punishment

Answer 28

adding an unpleasant stimulus to stop a behavior (spanking)

Question 29

Negative punishment

Answer 29

taking something away to stop a behavior | taking away a child's cell phone

Question 30

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 30

theory that claims that humans are cognitive beings whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning (Bandura)

Question 31

Observational learning

Answer 31

learning by observing the behavior of other people

Question 32

latent learning

Answer 32

learning that is not evident in behavior

Question 33

Constructivism

Answer 33

children actively construct their own understandings of the world based on their experiences (Piaget)

Question 34

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 34

birth - 2 years | infants use their senses and motor skills to explore and understand the world

Question 35

Preoperational Stage

Answer 35

2 - 7 years | preschoolers use their capacity for symbolic thought to develop language and socialize; are not yet logical

Question 36

Concrete Operations

Answer 36

7 - 11 years | acquire logical thinking, act on concrete objects in their head; have difficulty in abstract thinking

Question 37

Formal Operations

Answer 37

11 - 12 years + | can think on abstract problems; form hypotheses

Question 38

Bio-ecological model

Answer 38

describes how biology and the environment interact to produce development (Brondenbrenner's)