Chapter 5

Question 1

Celiac disease

Answer 1

an inherited digestive problem in which gluten triggers an immune response that leads to inflammation and damages in the small intestine

Question 2

catch-up growth

Answer 2

after a period of malnutrition or illness reflects the body’s struggle to get back on the growth course it is genetically programmed to follow

Question 3

endocrine system

Answer 3

secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

Question 4

pituitary gland

Answer 4

so-called master gland located at the base of the brain that makes up a critical part of the endocrine system

Question 5

androgen

Answer 5

male hormones that stimulate the production of growth hormone that triggers adolescent growth spurt

Question 6

estrogen

Answer 6

stimulates the production of growth hormone in females during adolescence

Question 7

progesterone

Answer 7

“pregnancy hormone”; is responsible for body changes during pregnancy

Question 8

adrenal glands

Answer 8

supportive role in development of muscle and bones as well as contribute to sexual motivation

Question 9

myelination

Answer 9

neurons becoming encased in myelin sheath (fatty substance) that speeds transition; has numerous implications for developmental changes observed across a life span

Question 10

cephalocaudal principle

Answer 10

growth occurs in a head to tail direction

Question 11

proximodistal principle

Answer 11

body develops from the center outwards

Question 12

orthogenetic principle

Answer 12

development starts globally and undifferentiated and moves toward increasing differentiation and hierarchical integration - ex: body starts from a single cell to different unique cells

Question 13

synaptogenesis

Answer 13

growth of synapses, or connections between neurons during childhood

Question 14

synaptic pruning

Answer 14

removal of unnecessary synapses

Question 15

plasticity

Answer 15

brain’s ability to respond to an individual’s experiences so that it develops in a variety of ways

Question 16

REM sleep

Answer 16

active sleep in which rapid eye movements occur; infants spend half of their sleeping hours in this mode

Question 17

Congenital malformations

Answer 17

defects that are present at birth, wither from genetic factors or prenatal events; they are the leading cause of death during the first year
ex: heart defects, spina bifida, down syndrome etc.

Question 18

lateralization

Answer 18

asymmetry and specialization of functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex; evidence seen at birth

Question 19

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 19

a marker of body fat calculated from a person’s height and weight

Question 20

puberty

Answer 20

the process of biological change that result in an individual’s attaining sexual maturity and becoming capable of producing a child

Question 21

adolescent growth spurt

Answer 21

triggered by an increase of hormones circulating through the body during adolescence

Question 22

dendrites

Answer 22

part of the neuron that receives information

Question 23

axon

Answer 23

part of the neuron that sends out information

Question 24

adrenarche

Answer 24

circulation of adrenal hormones that contributes to secondary sex characteristics such as pubic and axillary hair

Question 25

menarche

Answer 25

marker of sexual maturation in girls; the first menstruation

Question 26

life span developmental model of health

Answer 26

- lifelong process - determined by both genetic and environmental influences - multidimensional - Includes physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity - Changes involve both gains and losses - occurs in a sociohistorical context Socioeconomic status is particularly important

Question 27

semenarche

Answer 27

marker of sexual maturation in boys; first ejaculation

Question 28

secular trend

Answer 28

historical trend in industrialized societies toward earlier maturation and greater body size; deals with nutrition and availability of medical care

Question 29

Autostimulation theory

Answer 29

self-stimulating, helps CNS development (REM sleep)

Question 30

obesity

Answer 30

being 20% or more above the "ideal" weight for height, age, and sex

Question 31

diabetes

Answer 31

high levels of sugar in the blood leading to various health problems

Question 32

neurogenesis

Answer 32

the process of generating new neurons across a life span

Question 33

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

Answer 33

differs from PMS in that it includes affective symptoms in addition to physical symptoms associated with the menstrual cycle - can disrupt every day activities

Question 34

Gonadal hormones

Answer 34

androgen, estrogen and progesterone | - produced in testes and ovaries; responsible for secondary effects of puberty