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SON111AB-Physics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Aborption

A

conversion of sound to heat

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2
Q

Acoustic

A

having to do with sound

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3
Q

Acoustic variables

A

pressure, density, and particle vibration; sound wave quantities that vary in space and time

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4
Q

Amplitude

A

maximum variation of an acoustic variable or voltage

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5
Q

Attenuation

A

decrease in amplitude and intensity with distance as a wave travels through a medium

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6
Q

Attenuation coefficient

A

attenuation per centimeter of wave travel

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7
Q

Backscatter

A

sound scattered back in the direction from which it originally came

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8
Q

Bandwidth

A

range of frequencies contained in an ultrasound pulse; range of frequencies within which a material, device, or system can operate

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9
Q

Compression

A

reduction in differences between small and large amplitudes. Region of high density and pressure in a compressional wave

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10
Q

Constructive interference

A

combination of positive or negative pressures

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11
Q

Continuous Wave

A

a wave in which cycles repeat indefinitely; not pulsed, abbreviate CW

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12
Q

Contrast agent

A

a suspension of bubbles or particles introduced into circulation to enhance the contrast between anatomic structures; thereby improving their imaging

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13
Q

coupling medium

A

a gel used to provide a good sound path between a transducer and the skin by eliminating the air between the two

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14
Q

cycle

A

one complete variation of an acoustic variable

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15
Q

decibel

A

unit of power or intensity ratio; the number of decibels is 10 times the logarithm (to the base 10) of the power or intensity ratio. Abbreviated dB

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16
Q

Density

A

mass divided by volume

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17
Q

destructive interference

A

combination of positive and negative pressures

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18
Q

duty factor

A

fraction of time that pulsed ultrasound is on

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19
Q

echo

A

reflection

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20
Q

energy

A

capability of doing work

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21
Q

fractional bandwidth

A

bandwidth divided by operating frequency

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22
Q

frequency

A

number of cycles per second

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23
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the primary frequency in a collection of frequencies that can include odd and even harmonic and subharmonics

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24
Q

harmonics

A

frequencies that are even and odd multiples of another, commonly called fundamental or operating frequency

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25
Hertz
unit of frequency, one cycle per second; unit of pulse repetition frequency; one pulse per second. abbreviated Hz
26
impedance
density multiplied by the sound propagation speed
27
incidence angle
angle between incident sound direction and a line perpendicular to the boundary of a medium
28
intensity
power divided by area
29
intensity reflection coefficient
reflected intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity reflected
30
intensity transmission coefficient
transmitted intensity divided by incident intensity; the fraction of incident intensity transmitted into the second medium
31
interference
combinations of positive and/or negative pressures
32
Kilohertz
one thousand hertz. abbreviated kHz
33
longitudinal wave
wave in which the particles motion is parallel to the direction of wave travel (compressional wave)
34
medium
material through which a wave travels
35
Megahertz
one million hertz. MHz
36
nonlinear propagation
sound propagation in which the propagation speed depends on pressure causing the wave shape to change and harmonics to be generated
37
oblique incidence
sound direction that is not perpendicular to media boundaries
38
penetration
imaging depth
39
period
time per cycle
40
perpendicular
geometrically related by 90 degrees
41
perpendicular incidence
sound direction that is perpendicular to the boundary between media
42
power
rate at which work is done; rate at which energy is transferred
43
pressure
force divided by the area in a fluid
44
propagation
progression or travel
45
propagation speed
speed at which a wave moves through a medium
46
pulse
a brief excursion of a quantity from its normal value; a few cycles
47
pulse duration
interval of time from beginning to end of a pulse
48
pulse-repetition frequency
number of pulsed per second; sometimes called pulse repetition rate. abberviated PRF
49
pulse-repetition period
interval of time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next
50
pulsed ultrasound
ultrasound produced in pulsed form by applying electric pulses or voltages of one or few cycles to the transducer
51
range equation
relationship between round-trip pulse travel time, propagation speed, and distance to a reflector
52
rarefraction
region of low density and pressure in a compressional wave
53
Rayl
unit of impedance
54
reflection
portion of sound returned from a media boundary; echo
55
reflection angle
angle between the reflected sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary
56
reflector
media boundary that produces a reflection; reflecting surface
57
refraction
change of sound direction on passing from one medium to another
58
scatter
an object that scatters sound in many directions because of its small size or its surface roughness.
59
scattering
diffusion or redirection of sound in several directions upon encountering a particle suspension or a rough surface
60
sound
traveling wave of acoustic variables
61
spatial pulse length
length of space over which a pulse occurs
62
speckle
the granular appearance of images and spectral displays that is caused by the interference of echoes from the distribution of scatterers in tissue
63
specular reflection
reflection from a large (relative to wavelength), flat, smooth boundary
64
stiffness
property of a medium; applied pressure divided by the fractional volume change produced by the pressure
65
strength
nonspecific term referring to amplitude or intensity
66
transmission angle
angle between the transmitted sound direction and a line perpendicular to the media boundary
67
transverse wave
a sound wave in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of wave travel
68
ultrasound
soung having a frequency greater than what humans can hear, that is greater than 20 kHz
69
wave
traveling variation of one or more quantities
70
wavelength
length of space over which a cycle occurs

SON111AB-Physics (7 decks)

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