Chapter 2

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

The entire group to which a law of nature applies

Question 2

Sample

Answer 2

A subset of a population intended to represent the population

Question 3

Representative sample

Answer 3

Accurately represents the characteristics and behaviors of individuals in the population

Question 4

Random sampling

Answer 4

Selecting a sample which each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

Question 5

Hypothetical construct

Answer 5

An abstract concept used to summarize and describe behaviors that share certain attributes

Question 6

Contracts are intentionally general why?

Answer 6

So that they may be examined from many different perspectives

Question 7

Variable

Answer 7

Any measurable aspect of a behavior or influence on a behavior that may change

Question 8

How do we examine an aspect of a hypothetical construct?

Answer 8

By selecting a specific variable to measure

Question 9

Quantitative variable

Answer 9

The score indicates the amount of the variable

Question 10

Qualitative variable

Answer 10

Indicates a quality or category

Question 11

Operational definition

Answer 11

Defines a variable by the specific operations used to measure it

Question 12

How is each variable in the study defined?

Answer 12

In the terms of the procedure used to measure it

Question 13

Relationship

Answer 13

When a change in one variable is accompanied by a consistent change in another variable

Question 14

Strength of a relationship

Answer 14

The extent to which one value of Y is consistently associated with one value of X

Question 15

Two reasons relationships are not perfectly consistent

Answer 15

External influences and individual differences

Question 16

Individual differences

Answer 16

No two individuals are identical, which may influence behavior in any given situation

Question 17

In research, what parts of the relationship are we concerned with?

Answer 17

The strength and existence.

Question 18

What is the given variable?

Answer 18

X

Question 19

What is the other variable?

Answer 19

Y

Question 20

The scores on Y change as a what to X?

Answer 20

A function

Question 21

Data point

Answer 21

Dot on a graph

Question 22

Descriptive statistics

Answer 22

Procedures for organizing and summarizing scores so that we can describe and communicate the important characteristics of the data

Question 23

Purposes of Descriptive statistics

Answer 23

Tell if there is a relationship, summarize scores and describe the data, and predict behavior

Question 24

Inferential statistics

Answer 24

To infer the description applicable to everyone in the population based on the sample data; Procedures for deciding if the sample data represents the population. If the sample is believable

Question 25

Does a sample always accurately represent a population?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Generalize

Answer 26

Apply conclusions to other individuals or situations

Question 27

Two ways we generalize

Answer 27

The relationship in the sample to the population, and variables in the population to the relationship between broader hypothetical constructs

Question 28

Experiment

Answer 28

Actively changes or manipulates one variable and measures the resulting behavior

Question 29

Independent variable

Answer 29

Directly changed

Question 30

Confederates

Answer 30

People enlisted to act as other participant or accidental passerby's

Question 31

Condition/level/treatment

Answer 31

A specific amount or category of the independent variable that the researcher selects to create the situation under which the participants are observed

Question 32

Independent variable:Conditions

Answer 32

Entire causal variable of interest: specific amounts/ categories of the variable

Question 33

Control group

Answer 33

Measured for the dependent variable but receives no independent variable or treatment

Question 34

Experimental group

Answer 34

Receives a nonzero amount of the independent variable

Question 35

True experiment

Answer 35

The independent variable is controlled by the researcher

Question 36

True independent variable

Answer 36

Controlled by the researcher

Question 37

Random assignment

Answer 37

Condition of independent variable is determined by chance

Question 38

Quasi-independent variable

Answer 38

Variables which cannot be manipulated

Question 39

Quasi-experiment

Answer 39

Not what the researcher does to the participant, but the participant is assigned to a particular condition because ethic already qualify for it

Question 40

Dependent variable

Answer 40

Reflects some aspect of the participants or their behavior

Question 41

Reaction time

Answer 41

Amount of time the participant takes to respond

Question 42

Forced-choice procedure

Answer 42

Participants select form a limited set of choices

Question 43

Sorting task

Answer 43

Indicate similarities or differences by sorting the stimuli into different groups

Question 44

Self-reports

Answer 44

Asked to describe their feelings, beliefs, or attitudes

Question 45

Likert-type questions

Answer 45

Rate a series of statements

Question 46

Intervening variables

Answer 46

Influenced by the independent variable, which in turn influences the dependent variable

Question 47

Descriptive design

Answer 47

Simply observe behaviors or relationships so that we may describe them

Question 48

Correlation design

Answer 48

Passively measure scores on at least two variable and determine whether the scores form the predicted relationship