Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
study of the structures of the body
2
Q
Physiology
A
study of the function of the structures of the body
3
Q
Anatomic position
A
Describes the body standing in standard position (standing up straight so that the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face forward the front)
4
Q
Midsagittal plane
A
divides body into equal left/right halves
“midline” saggital plane
5
Q
Transverse plane
A
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) can be at the waist or any other level across the body
6
Q
Frontal plane
A
anterior (front) and posterior (back) “coronal plane” located at right angles to sagittal plane
7
Q
Sagittal plane
A
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
8
Q
Ventral
A
front, belly side of the organ or body {opposite of dorsal}
9
Q
Dorsal
A
back side of the organ or body {opposite of ventral}
10
Q
Superior
A
uppermost, above toward the head {ex. lungs are located superior to the diaphragm} [opposite of dorsal]
11
Q
Inferior
A
lowermost, below, or toward the feet {ex. stomach is located inferior to the diaphragm} [opposite to superior]
12
Q
Cephalic
A
towards the head {opposite to caudal}
13
Q
Cephal
A
head
14
Q
Caudal
A
towards the lower part of the body {opposite of cephalic}
15
Q
Caud
A
tail, or lower part of the body
16
Q
Proximal
A
situated nearest to the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. proximal end of the humerus -(bone of the upper arm) forms part of the shoulder [opposite of distal]
17
Q
Distal
A
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure {ex. distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow} [opposite of proximal]
18
Q
Medial
A
direction toward or nearer the midline {ex. medial ligament of the knee is near the surface of the leg} [opposite of lateral]
19
Q
Lateral
A
direction nearer to the side of the body away from the midline {ex. lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg} [opposite of medial]
20
Q
Bilateral
A
relating to or having two sides
21
Q
Anterior
A
situated in front, front or forward part of an organ {ex. stomach is located anterior of pancreas} [opposite of posterior]
22
Q
Posterior
A
situated in the back, back part of an organ {ex. pancreas is posterior to stomach} [opposite of anterior]
23
Q
Dorsal cavity
A
along the back of the body and head contains organs in the nervous system that coordinate body functions (2 portions - cranial cavity and spinal cavity)
24
Q
Cranial cavity
A
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
25
Cranium
skull
26
Spinal cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
27
Ventral cavity
located in the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis
28
Homeostasis
process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
29
Home/o
constant
30
-Stasis
control
31
Thoracic cavity
chest cavity or thorax, surrounds/protects the heart and lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
32
Abdominal cavity
contains primarily the organs of digestion (abdomen)
33
Pelvic cavity
space formed by the hipbones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems (no physical divisions between the abdominal and pelvic cavities
34
Abdominopelvic cavity
refers to a the two as a single unit
35
Inguinal
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. Includes the groin, the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh
36
Right/Left Hypochondriac regions
covered by the lower ribs
| term also describes an individual with an abnormal concern about their health
37
-Chondri
cartilage
38
Epigastric region
located above the stomach
39
Epi-
above
40
Right/Left Lumbar regions
located near the inward curve of the spine
41
Lumb-
lower back
42
Lumbar
describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis
43
Umbilical region
surrounds the umbilicus. Pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth
44
Umbilicus
belly button/naval
45
Right/Left Iliac region
located over the hipbones
46
Hypogastric region
located below the stomach
47
RUQ
right upper quadrant (abdomen)
48
LUQ
left upper quadrant (abdomen)
49
RLQ
right lower quadrant (abdomen)
50
LLQ
left lower quadrant (abdomen)
51
Peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds organs in place within the abdominal cavity
52
Parietal Peritoneum
outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal cavity
53
Parietal
cavity wall
54
Mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that's attaches part of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
55
Visceral Peritoneum
Inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
56
Visceral
relating to internal organs
57
Retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum {ex. location of the kidneys is retroperitoneal with one on each side of the spinal cord}
58
Retro-
behind
59
Periton-
Peritoneal
60
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal
61
Cell membrane
tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cell by separating it from its external environment
62
Stem cells
unspecialized cells that can renew themselves for a long time through cell division. (In contrast to other cells that have specialized roles and die after a determined lifespan)
63
Adult (somatic) stem cells
undifferentiated cells found amongst differentiated cells in an organ or tissue (role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found)
64
Undifferentiated
no special function or structure
65
Differentiated
specialized function or structure
66
Hemopoietic
blood forming tissue of a donors bone marrow (where the cells are harvested when they are being transplanted from one individual to another)
67
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
possibility of rejection of transplanted tissue known as this (occurs when there is not an excellent match between donor and recipient)
68
Embryonic Stem cells
Undifferentiated cells, ability to form any adult cell
- Proliferate indefinitely
- does not require a perfect donor recipient match (cells are more primitive)
69
Cord blood
found in umbilical cord and placenta of newborn, embryonic cells harvested from cord blood {harvested at time of birth with no harm to mother or child, frozen and kept until later for treatment purposes}
70
Gene
fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity (control hereditary disorders, all physical traits- hair, skin, eye colour)
71
Genetics
study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children + role of genes in health and disease
72
Gene
producing
73
Dominant gene
inherited from either parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic {ex. freckles}
74
Recessive gene
when the SAME recessive gene is inherited from both parents, the offspring WILL have that condition
when the recessive gene is inherited from only one parent and a normal gene from the other parent the offspring WILL NOT have the condition
Although the child themselves does not have the condition, they have the trait. The trait can then be transmitted to their offspring
75
Genome
complete set of genetic information of an organism
76
Chromosomes
genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell
| made up of DNA molecules containing the body's genes {each chromosome contains about 100 000 genes}
77
Somatic cell
any cell in the body that is not a gamete
contain 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs
22 identical pairs 9the 23rd is the sex determination chromosome)
78
Somatic
pertaining to the body in general
79
Gamete
only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes.
| Instead each ovum or sperm has 23 single chromosomes
80
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid found in the nucleus of all cells EXCEPT erythrocytes {because they do not have a nucleus}
81
Genetic mutation
change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
82
Somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body. Affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation
83
Gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete CAN be transmitted by a parent to their children
84
Genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of gene for scientific or medical purposes
85
Genetic disorder OR
| Hereditary disorder
pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
| some are obvious at birth while others will manifest at any time in life
86
Cystic fibrosis
congenital disorder affects both respiratory and digestive systems
87
Down syndrome
genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease
88
Hemophilia
group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury
89
Huntington's disease
genetic disorder passed from parent to child
each child of a parent with Huntington's disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene
Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear midlife
May result in uncontrollable movements and loss of some mental abilities
90
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.
Can be detected by a blood test at birth, with careful dietary supervision, children with PKU can lead normal lives
without early detection it can cause severe mental retardation.
91
Tay-Sachs disease
fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain
(*Both parents must carry the mutated gene to have an affected child)
Most common form of the disease affect babies who appear healthy t birth and develop normally for the first few months
Development then slows and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical disabilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death
92
Tissue
group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
93
Hist-
tissue
94
Four main types of tissue
epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve
95
-Trophy
development
96
Ana-
backward
97
-Plasia
formation
98
Epithelial tissues
protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
these tissues also form glands
99
Epithelium
specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes
100
Endothelium
specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
101
Connective tissues
supports and connects organs and other body tissues (4 kinds)
102
Dense connective tissues
form the joints and frameworks of the body {ex. bone and cartilage}
103
Muscular dystrophy
group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that involve movement
104
Adipose tissue
FAT provides protective padding, insulation, and support
105
Loose connective tissue
surrounds various organs and supports bother nerve cells and blood vessels
106
Liquid connective tissue
transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body {ex. lymph, blood}
107
Muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
108
Nerve tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
109
Aplasia
defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
110
Hypoplasia
incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in a number of cells
111
Anaplasia
change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
this abnormal cell development is characteristic to tumor formation in cancers
112
Dysplasia
abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or, organs
113
Hyperplasia
enlargement of a tissue or organ because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue
114
Hypertrophy
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size but not number of cells in the tissue {non tumor forming]
115
Glands
group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
116
Secretion
substance produced by a gland
117
Exocrine glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body {ex. sweat glands}
118
Endocrine glands
produces hormones, do not have ducts.
| these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, then transported to organs and structures throughout the body
119
Exo-
out
120
Endo-
within
121
Aden-
gland
122
Adenitis
inflammation of a gland
123
Adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue
124
Carcin
cancer
125
-Oma
tumor
126
Malignant
harmful (capable of spreading/potentially life threatening)
127
Benign
not life threatening
128
Adenoma
benign tumor that arises to represent glandular tissue
129
Adenomalacia
abnormal softening of a gland
130
Adenosclerosis
abnormal hardening of a gland
131
Adenectomy
surgical removal of a gland
132
Pathology
study of disease, the nature, the cause, as well as the produced changes in structures and function
also
condition produced by a disease
133
Path/o -Pathy
disease
ALSO
suffering, feeling, and emotion
{ex. empathy}
134
Pathologist
specialized in laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis.
These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operation or in post mortem examinations
135
Etiology
study of the causes of disease
136
Eti-
cause
137
Pathogen
disease producing microorganism such as a virus
138
Transmission
spread of disease
139
Contamination
pathogen is possibly present
| occurs through lack of proper hygiene standards or by failure to take appropriate infection control precautions
140
Communicable disease
also known as a contagious disease, is any condition
that is transmitted from one person to another either
by direct or by indirect contact with contaminated
objects
141
Indirect contact transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
142
Blood borne transmission
spread of disease through contact with blood or other fluids that are in contact with blood {Ex. HIV, Hepatitis B + most STI's}
143
Airborne transmission
contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or a sneeze
144
Food borne and Water borne transmission
OR
Fecal-Oral transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contaminations or remove any pathogens present
145
Vector borne transmission
spread of certain diseases due to a bite of a vector
146
Vector
describes insects or animals such as flies, mites., fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs capable of transmitting a disease. {mosquitos are most common}
147
Epidemiologist
specialist in the study of outbreaks and disease within a population group
148
Dem/i
population
149
En-
within
150
Endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population group or area {ex. common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population}
151
Epidemic
sudden wide spread outbreak of a disease within a specific population, group, or area {ex. sudden widespread outbreak of measles}
152
Pandemic
an outbreak of disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide {ex. worldwide spread of AIDS [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]}
153
Functional disorder
produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified {ex. panic attack}
154
Iatrogenic illness
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment {ex. severe burns resulting from radiation therapy are iatrogenic}
155
Idiopathic disorder
an illness without a known cause
156
Idi/o
peculiar to the individual
157
Idiopathic
without a known cause
158
Infectious disease
an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
159
Nosocomial infection
disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting {ex. MRSA infections are often spread in hospitals
160
Nosocomial
greek word for hospital
161
Organic disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body {ex. chickenpox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus}
162
Congenital disorder
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth {can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birthing process}
163
Congenital
existing at birth
164
Developmental disorders
"birth defect" can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
165
Anomaly
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
166
Atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular {ex. anal atresia is the congenital absence of the opening of the bottom end of the anus, pulmonary atresia is the absence of the pulmonary valve}
167
Prenatal influences
a mothers health, behaviour, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.
168
Problem with a mothers health (prenatal influence)
Rubella infection
| birth defects often occur if a woman contracts this infection earl on in her pregnancy
169
Problem caused by a mothers behaviour (prenatal influence)
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) caused by a mothers consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
results are characterized by physical and behavioural traits
growth abnormalities, brain damage, mental retardation and socialization difficulties
170
Problem caused by lack of prenatal care (prenatal influences)
premature delivery, low birth weight baby
171
Premature birth
a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development,
can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had the time to form completely
breathing difficulties and heart problems are common
172
Birth injuries
congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth {ex. cerebral palsy, result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birthing process}
173
General practitioner (GP)
OR
family practice physician
provides ongoing care for patients of all ages
174
Internist
physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders and diseases of internal organs and related body systems
175
Pediatrician
physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children and infants
176
Geriatrician
OR
Gerontologist
physician who specializes in the care of older people
177
Hospitalist
focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
