Chapter 2 Flashcards
(26 cards)
Research whose goals are to enlarge the understanding of naturally occurring events and to find solutions to practical problems.
applied research
Research whose goal is to increase the understanding of human behavior, often by testing hypotheses based on a theory.
basic research
A procedure in which research participants are (falsely) led to believe that their responses will be verified by an infallible lie-detector.
bogus pipeline technique
Accomplice of an experimenter who, in dealing with the real participants in an experiment, acts as if he or she is also a participant.
confederate
The extent to which the measures used in a study measure the variables they were designed to measure and the manipulations in an experiment manipulate the variables they were designed to manipulate.
construct validity
A statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables.
correlation coefficient
Research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated by the researcher.
correlational research
A disclosure, made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, attempts to resolve any negative feelings, and emphasizes the scientific contribution made by the participants? involvement.
debriefing
In the context of research, a method that provides false information to participants.
deception
In an experiment, a factor that experimenters measure to see if it is affected by the independent variable.
dependent variable
A form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because (1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and (2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
experiment
The degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously.
experimental realism
The effects produced when an experimenter?s expectations about the results of an experiment affect his or her behavior toward a participant and thereby influence the participant?s responses.
experimenter expectancy effects
The degree to which there can be reasonable confidence that the results of a study would be obtained for other people and in other situations.
external validity
A testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur.
hypothesis
In an experiment, a factor that experimenters manipulate to see if it affects the dependent variable.
independent variable
An individual?s deliberate, voluntary decision to participate in research, based on the researcher?s description of what will be required during such participation.
informed consent
The degree to which there can be reasonable certainty that the independent variables in an experiment caused the effects obtained on the dependent variables.
internal validity
The degree to which different observers agree on their observations.
interrater reliability
A set of statistical procedures used to review a body of evidence by combining the results of individual studies to measure the overall reliability and strength of particular effects.
meta-analysis
The degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.
mundane realism
The specific procedures for manipulating or measuring a conceptual variable.
operational definition
A method of assigning participants to the various conditions of an experiment so that each participant in the experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the conditions.
random assignment
A method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study.
random sampling
