Chapter 2

Question 1

Atoms

Answer 1

smallest stable units of matter

Question 2

Subatomic particles

Answer 2

protons, neutrons, and electrons

Question 3

How does atomic structure affect interactions between atoms

Answer 3

e- are held in place by electrical force derived from interaction with the positive nucleus creating an e- shell.

Question 4

Mole

Answer 4

a specific quantity of weight in grams that’s equal to an elements atomic weight

Question 5

Avogadro’s number

Answer 5

6.023 X 10^23. A mole of one element always contains the same number of atoms as a mole of any other element.

Question 6

Ionic bond

Answer 6

chemical bonds created by electrical attraction between anions and cations

Question 7

Covalent bond

Answer 7

occurs when atoms share electrons

Question 8

Non-polar covalent bond

Answer 8

equal sharing of e- between atoms.

Question 9

Polar covalent bond

Answer 9

unequal sharing of e-. One nucleus will have stronger affinity for the e-. These bonds are easier to break than non-polar.

Question 10

Hydrogen bond

Answer 10

Attraction between slightly positive H and slightly negative O, N, or Fl. Can change the shape of molecules or pull them closer together

Question 11

Decomposition reaction

Answer 11

AB —> A + B
Breaks molecule into smaller segments both inside and outside of cell walls.
Ex: digestion of fats, sugars, and proteins

Question 12

Hydrolysis

Answer 12

A-B + H2O —> A-H + HO-B

Decomposition reactions involving water

Question 13

Synthesis

Answer 13

A + B —> AB

Assembles smaller molecules into larger ones. Always involves formation of new chemical bonds.

Question 14

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 14

A-H + HO-B —> A-B + H2O

Formation of complex molecule by removal of water

Question 15

Exchange

Answer 15

AB + CD —> AD + CB

Parts of reacting molecules are shuffled around to make new products

Question 16

Reversible

Answer 16

A + B AB

Many important biological reactions are freely reversible. These reactions help maintain homeostasis

Question 17

Describe the role of enzymes in metabolism

Answer 17

They lower activation energy allowing chemical reactions (break down of sugar) to proceed under conditions compatible with life.
Enzymatic reactions are reversible.
They can accelerate reactions.
Metabolic pathways composed of complex reactions in a series of interlocking steps controlled by enzymes.

Question 18

Inorganic compounds

Answer 18

Generally do not contain C and H as their primary atoms

CO2, O, H2O, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts.

Question 19

Organic compounds

Answer 19

Always contain C and H as the bases of the compound

Question 20

How do the chemical properties of water make life possible

Answer 20

Solubility: many inorganic and organic compounds are soluble in water
Reactivity: Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions within our body. Chemical reactions take place in water within our bodies.
High heat capacity
Lubrication: Water is an effective lubricant because there is little friction between water molecules

Question 21

Describe properties of aqueous solutions

Answer 21

Ionic compounds undergo dissociation or ionization as the polar ends interact with water. The water molecules surround each ion forming hydration spheres. Aqueous solutions with anions and cations will conduct and electrical current.

Question 22

Electrolytes

Answer 22

soluble inorganic substances whose ions will conduct electrical current in solution

Question 23

What is the importance of pH

Answer 23

Different body fluids must remain within a narrow range in order to maintain homeostasis

Question 24

What role do buffers play in body fluids

Answer 24

They are compounds that stabilize pH of a solution by removing H+ ions. Buffers usually involve weak acids and their related salts. Buffers help to maintain pH within normal limits. Ex: antacids

Question 25

Carbohydrate

Answer 25

Organic molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 26

Example and function of some carbohydrates

Answer 26

Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose are an energy source Disaccharides: sucrose, lactulose, maltose are energy sources. All must be broken down to mono's before absorption Polysaccharides: Glycogen stores glucose.

Question 27

Lipids

Answer 27

Contains C, H, and O with a C:H of 1:2. Lipids contain much less O than carbohydrates. Ex: fats, oils, and waxes. Most are insoluble in water

Question 28

Fatty acids

Answer 28

Ex: lauric acid | energy source

Question 29

Eicosanoids

Answer 29

Ex: prostaglandins, leukotrienes | chemical messengers coordinating cellular activity

Question 30

Glycerides

Answer 30

Ex: monoglycerides, triglycerides | energy source, energy storage, insulation, and physical protection

Question 31

Steroids

Answer 31

Ex: cholesterol | structural component of plasma membranes, hormones, digestive secretions in bile

Question 32

Phospholipids, glycolipids

Answer 32

Ex: lecithin | structural components of plasma membrane

Question 33

Structure and function of proteins

Answer 33

C, H, O, N, commonly S, amino acid chains. Functions: support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolic regulation, coordination and control (hormones), and defense. Four shapes are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Enzymes are among the bodies most important proteins.

Question 34

Structure and function of nucleic acids

Answer 34

C, H, O, N and P; nucleotides composed of phosphates, sugars, and nitrogenous bases Storage and processing of genetic information

Question 35

High energy compounds

Answer 35

Nucleotides joined to phosphates by high-energy bonds | Storage or transfer of energy