chapter 2

Question 1

hutton

Answer 1

geological forces shaped the earth and estimated the world to be millions of years old

Question 2

lyell

Answer 2

processes occurring now volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth over long periods of time

earth can change so can life

Question 3

Lamarck

Answer 3

use and disuse

Question 4

malthus

Answer 4

competition: natural selection

Question 5

evidence of evolution

Answer 5

fossil records
geographic distribution- animals w the same environment in different places look the same
homologous structure
embryology

Question 6

vestigial structures

Answer 6

remnants from evolution

Question 7

relative dating

Answer 7

comparing depth of a fossils source stratum to the position of a reference fossil or rock

Question 8

absolute dating

Answer 8

radioactive material

Question 9

Miller and Urey

Answer 9

tried to create life with the materials that were present at the beginning of the earth

Question 10

proteinoid microspheres

Answer 10

but cells but have v simple means of storing and releasing energy and a selectively permeable membrane

Question 11

law of segregation

Answer 11

two copies of each Allele, these separate and one goes to each gamete

Question 12

multiple alleles

Answer 12

more than two possible alleles can exist in a pop

Question 13

polygenic traits

Answer 13

traits controlled by two or more genes

Question 14

founder effect

Answer 14

genetic drift

Question 15

the hardy Weinberg principle

Answer 15

allele frequencies to remain constant and to reach genetic equil:
random mating 
large population
no movement in or out of pop
no mutations
no natural selection

Question 16

isolating mechanisms

Answer 16

geographical
time
behaviour
ecological

Question 17

convergent evolution

Answer 17

species developing similar traits due to similar environments

Question 18

coevolution

Answer 18

species that rely on each other

if one changes the other has to change

Question 19

darwins theory

Answer 19

individual organisms differ- overproduction of organisms- struggle to survive- limited resources- fitness- organisms that live pass on traits- NATURAL SELECTIONP

Question 20

endosymbiotic hypothesis

Answer 20

prokaryotes began living together- mitochondria-atp

chloroplasts- photosynthesis

Question 21

evolution

Answer 21

any change in relative frequency of alleles in a pop

Question 22

heritable variation

Answer 22

gene shuffling and mutations

Question 23

advantages of classification

Answer 23

ability to study the diversity of life with biological meaning

names recognized regardless of language barrier

newly discovered things can be understood better by comparison

see how life evolved on the planet

Question 24

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 24

started science of taxonomy

assigned binomial nomenclature: names made up of genus and species from Latin

grouped animals into hierarchy (kingdom, genus and species)

Question 25

Taxons

Answer 25

``` kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```

Question 26

old 5 kingdoms

Answer 26

monera (bacteria 1 celled prokaryotic) Protista (ameba mainly 1 celled have nucleus and other organelles eukaryotic) fungi (non motile and can't photosynthesis É) plantae (most synthesis and have chloroplasts) animals (can move depend on organic material) archetista (viruses)

Question 27

phylogeny

Answer 27

categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent from q common ancestor

Question 28

other name for phylogenic tree

Answer 28

cladogram

Question 29

monophyletic

Answer 29

common ancestor | all descendants

Question 30

paraphgletic

Answer 30

common ancestor | some but not all ancestors

Question 31

polyphyletic

Answer 31

does not include common ancestor

Question 32

new method of classification

Answer 32

includes domain

Question 33

domains

Answer 33

bacteria (cell walls w peptidoglycan) archaea eukarya

Question 34

node

Answer 34

part on cladogram speciation- derived trait differs in form of common ancestor

Question 35

more similar Dna of 2 species

Answer 35

more recently they shared a common ancestor

Question 36

how humans fit into Taxons

Answer 36

``` eukarya animalia cordata mamalia primates hominidae homo sapiens ```

Question 37

new 6 kingdoms

Answer 37

``` archaebacteria eubacteria Protista fungi plantae animailia ``` archista