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Human Development > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ovum

A

Reproductive egg cell

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Strands of DNA found in every cell of the body. the source of biological inheritance

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly like substance that fills a cell between its outer membrane and it’s nucleus

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4
Q

Zygote

A

An ovum that has been fertilized by a sperm and now contains 46 chromosomes.

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5
Q

Autosomes

A

The 22 of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans that are matched. (They look and function alike)

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6
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that play a major role in sex determination

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7
Q

X chromosomes

A

The female sex chromosomes

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8
Q

Y chromosomes

A

The male sex chromosome

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9
Q

Karyotypes

A

A display of the actual chromosomes from human body cells, photographed under a microscope and laid out in matching pairs

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

A kind of cell division that produces two new cells identical to the original cells

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11
Q

Implantation

A

When a zygote goes down the Fallopian tube and attaches itself to the uterine lining

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12
Q

Embryo

A

A zygote attaches to the uterine wall

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13
Q

Epigenesis

A

The control of genetic expression by both regulatory DNA and environmental factors

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14
Q

Epigenome

A

The full set of factors that controls the expression of coded genomes

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15
Q

Epigenetic model

A

Development is the result of complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Development is bidirectional with biology influencing the environment and vise versa

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16
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA, an organic chemical that make up chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell

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17
Q

Histones

A

Protein that combines long strands of DNA

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18
Q

Genes

A

“coded” sections of DNA

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19
Q

Proteins

A

The chemical building blocks of the body that are made when cells follow the codes provided by genes

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20
Q

Transcription

A

translating the code specified by a gene into the production of protein.

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21
Q

Transcription factor

A

Chemicals in cells that bind with the regulatory portions of DNA, initiating the uncoiling of strands of DNA and allowing mRNA production to begin

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22
Q

Messenger ribonucleic acid

A

mRNA. The organic compound that cells synthesize by copying strands of DNA. The RNA serves as a messenger to the cell from the gene, giving the cell’s construction of protein

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23
Q

The four bases of DNA

A

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. ACGT

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24
Q

Translation

A

When a cell “reads” the mRNA code and produces a protoprotein.

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25
Gene expression
The process by which DNA information is transmitted and translated to cells.
26
Noncoded genes
Sections of intergenic DNA that do not code for protein production. They function for gene regulation
27
Gene regulation
The process of either initiating or preventing a gene’s transcription.
28
Receptor
A chemical that binds to a transcription factor and allows the factor to then bind with a regulatory portion of DNA to begin the transcription of a gene
29
Methylation
The addition of a methyl group to DNA, ether to the coded gene or to regulatory DNA.
30
Demethylation
When a methyl group detach from DNA.
31
Cross-fostering study
Research separating animals from their biological mothers to be reared by mothers with different genetics or behavioral characteristics.
32
Genotype
The full complement of an organism’s genes
33
Phenotypes
Physical and behavioral traits
34
Monozygotic Twins
Twins who develop from a single zygote and have exactly the same genotype.
35
Dizygotic Twins
Twins who develop from two separate zygotes.
36
Concordance
Similarity between members of a pair of twins
37
Discordance
Differences between members of a pair of twins
38
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene
39
Codominance
A relationship between two alleles of the same gene in which neither allele is suppressed, producing a blended outcome
40
Polygenic
traits affected by the products of multiple gene pairs, often located on different chromosomes, so that any one pair of gene alleles has only a limited affect on a given trait
41
Genomic imprinting
A process in which some gene alleles in the sperm or the ovum are deactivated. Imprinted gene alleles do not influence the phenotype of the offspring.
42
Period of zygote
About 2 weeks. From fertilization to implantation.
43
Period of the embryo
3rd to 8th week. When most of the body’s organ systems and structures are forming.
44
Period of the fetus
From the 9th week until birth. When the reproductive system forms, gains in body weight occur, and the brain and nervous system continue to develop dramatically.
45
Sickle-cell anemia
When red blood cells are abnormally shaped and aren’t as effective as normal cells in carrying oxygen to the tissues
46
Mutation
A change in the chemical structure of an existing gene
47
Progeria
A disorder that causes rapid aging
48
Teratogens
Environmental substances and agents that can harm the developing fetus
49
Placenta
An organ that surrounds the fetus, allowing nutrients from the mother’s blood to pass to the fetus’s blood while allowing waste to be removed but the mother’s blood. it keeps the 2 circulatory systems separate
50
No observable effect level
The threshold of alcohol ingestion by a pregnant mother above which the fetus will experience some function impairment
51
Neural tube
The 1st step in the development of the CNS. Formed when a group of cells from the embryo’s upper surface turn inward and curls into tubes
52
Neurulation
The prenatal formation of a neural tube that begins the development of the CNS
53
Glia
Supporting cells in the CNS that provide a type of scaffolding for neurons
54
Neuroplasticity
The human brain’s capacity to change and grow in response to new environmental input.
55
White matter
Bundles of myelinated axons
56
Grey matter
Bundles of cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated neurons
57
Circuits
Series of neurons that are joined via their synaptic connections into groups
58
Interneurons
Neurons with short projections(axons) that affect other cells relatively close to the circuit of which they are a part
59
Projection neuron
Neurons with log projections, especially axons that extend far away from the cell body
60
What are the two main types of neurons in systems of neurons ?
Projection neurons and interneurons
61
Nerve growth factor
A substance found within the brain that is absorbed by neurons and aids in the process of synapse production.
62
Synaptogenesis
The generation of synapses or connections between neurons, usually as a result of the growth of axons and dendrites.
63
Experience-dependent
Synaptic growth that occurs as a direct result of exposure to more individualized kinds of environmental events
64
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
The way that organisms respond to threats to their well-being.
65
The three phases of GAS
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
66
Allostasis
Balance through adaptation. The CNS controls multiple interacting regulatory processes so that the best balance for each specific challenge is found, rather than returning to a fixed set point
67
Allostatic accommodation
The process that allows adjustments to be made within a range of possibilities across a variety of systems to suit the circumstances
68
Allostatic load
The physiological wear and tear in the body that results from ongoing adaptive efforts to maintain stability in response to stressors
69
Cortisol
A hormone, released during the body’s response to stress, that increases blood glucose levels and affects the immune response.
70
Cytokines
Chemical messengers of the immune system that can either be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory.

Human Development (8 decks)

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