Chapter 2

Question 1

Blending theory of Heredity

Answer 1

blend of two parental phenotypes. ex) a black and white cat have a gray cat. (This theory is rejected)

Question 2

phenotypic ratio

Answer 2

the ratio, such as 3:1. (dominant:recessive) also based on physical appearance

Question 3

genotypic ratio

Answer 3

1:2:1. (1/4 GG, 1/2 Gg, 1/4 gg)

Question 4

In a dihybrid cross, F2’s ratio is

Answer 4

9:3:3:1

Question 5

Law of independent assortment

Answer 5

during gamete formation, the segregation of alleles of one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles of another gene.

Question 6

Test cross verifies independent assortment

Answer 6

RrGg x rrgg ratio: 1:1:1:1

Question 7

2^n

Answer 7

different gamete genotypes. n=number of genes. in trihybrid cross, it is 2^3=8.

Question 8

F2 ratio for trihybrid cross

Answer 8

27:9:9:3:9:3:3:1 (or 27/64:9/64:9/64…)

Question 9

“what is the probability that yellow seeded progeny plants are heterozygous Gg like the parents?”

Answer 9

non yellow seeds are eliminated from the analysis. if it was Gg x Gg, then Gg would be 2/3.

Question 10

8 different orders of heads and tails in three coin flips 2^3.

Answer 10

2= two possible outcomes and 3=successive events

Question 11

Getting HHH or TTT for coin toss

Answer 11

product rule. 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8

Question 12

Getting one head and two tails or two heads and one tail

Answer 12

sum rule. 1/8 + 1/8 + 1/8 = 3/8

Question 13

Carrier

Answer 13

healthy person and heterozygous

Question 14

chi square test formula X^2=

Answer 14

∑((O-E)^2)/E

Question 15

Probability value (P value)

Answer 15

how closely the observed and expected results match one another.

Question 16

High values for P (values close to 1) =

Low values for P=

Answer 16

low X^2 values. observed and expected are very similar to each other. failure to reject chance hypothesis.
high X^2 values. observed and expected are very different to each other. chance hypothesis is rejected.

Question 17

degrees of freedom (df)=

Answer 17

(n-1) n=number of outcome classes. ex. 100 coin flips. 54 heads were recorded, the other 46 must be tails. dependent on the first number.

Question 18

if P value < 0.05 (5%)

Answer 18

the hypothesis is rejected because the difference is too significant.

Question 19

humans have ___ pairs of autosomal chromosomes

Answer 19

22 pairs. (44 autosomes)

Question 20

sex chromosomes

Answer 20

X and Y

Question 21

in total, humans have ___ chromosomes

Answer 21

46. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes. in female, XX. in males, XY.

Question 22

if she asks “AT LEAST one with the disease,”

Answer 22

you do 1-none.

Question 23

smallest to largest

Answer 23

Nucleotide, Gene, Chromosome, Genome

Question 24

statistics never tells you

Answer 24

whether the drug is effective or not.

Question 25

If there were only three letters in the alphabet, how many different two-letter words could you make?

Answer 25

3^2= 9

Question 26

You are going to flip a coin three times. What are the chances that it shows the same side all three times?

Answer 26

1/4. | HHH=1/8 TTT=1/8 so add them, you get 1/4.

Question 27

The different cells of your body (like muscle cells vs. neurons) can perform different functions because

Answer 27

all have same chromosomes, but they turn on specific genes from each.

Question 28

intercross this F1 generation: TtPp meaning:

Answer 28

dp TtPp x TtPp

Question 29

test cross means

Answer 29

multiple by lowercase letters.

Question 30

if disease is recessive

Answer 30

an affected child has unaffected parents.

Question 31

What is the probability that one or more of the children is a carrier of the recessive allele?

Answer 31

still 1- none