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radiology dhyg 3027 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

an atom whose nucleus has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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2
Q

innermost shell; binding energy is greatest in this shell; closer to nucleus

A

k shell

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3
Q

atoms that have gained or lost electrons are called ions, which are charged particles and electrically unstable; ejection of electron from an atom

A

ionization

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4
Q

the atom which an electron has been removed is

A

positively charged-positive ion

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5
Q

the electron that has been separated is

A

negatively charged- negative ion

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6
Q

the emission and movement of energy through space in the form of electromagnetic radiation(x and gamma rays) or particulate radiation(alpha and beta particles)

A

radiation

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7
Q

any radiation that produces ions is called

A

ionizing radiation

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8
Q

the process whereby certain unstable elements undergo spontaneous disintegration(decay) in an effort to attain a stable nuclear state

A

radioactivity

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9
Q

movement of wavelike energy through space as a combination of electric magnetic fields

A

electromagnetic radiation

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10
Q

all energies of electromagnetic spectrum share the following properties:

A
  1. travel at speed of light
  2. no electical charge
  3. no mass or weight
  4. pass through space as particles and in wavelike motion
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11
Q

the distance between two similar points on two successive waves

A

wavelength

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12
Q

measure of the number of waves that pass a given point per unit of time

A

frequency

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13
Q

the speed of the wave

A

velocity

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14
Q

long wavelength equals what frequency?

A

low frequency

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15
Q

x rays are believed to consist of minute bundles(or quanta) of pure electromagnetic energy called ___; known as bullets of energy

A

photons(no mass or weight, invisible, cannot be sensed)

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16
Q

properties of x rays

A
  1. invisible
  2. travel in straight lines
  3. travel at speed of light
  4. no mass or weight
  5. no charge
  6. interact with matter causing ionization
  7. can penetrate opaque tissues and structures
  8. affect photographic film emulsion(latent image)
  9. affect biological tissue
  10. dense- radiopaque
  11. less dense- radiolucent
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17
Q

materials that are dense will ____ x rays(amalgam, gold) and appear____

A

absorb- radiopaque

18
Q

thin materials and less dense structures will appear_____ (pulp cavity)

A

radiolucent

19
Q

bodies in motion are believed to have___ energy

A

kinetic

20
Q

produced when high speed electrons are stopped or slowed down by tungsten atoms of dental x ray tube

A

general/brems radiation

21
Q

the electron is bent off course; kinetic energy lost is converted to xray energy

A

brems radiation

22
Q

majority of x rays are produced in this form

A

brems

23
Q

only a small part of xrays are produced in this form

A

characteristic

24
Q

produced when a bombarding electron from the tube filament collides with an orbiting K electron of the tungsten target; k shell electron is dislodged from the atom; another electron in an outer shell fills the void; an xray photon is emitted

A

characteristic radiation

25
Q

what percent is no interaction

A

9%

26
Q

what percent is coherent(thompson scattering)

A

8%

27
Q

what percent is photoelectric

A

30%

28
Q

what percent is compton

A

60%

29
Q

the incoming xray gives up all of its energy to an orbital electron of the atom; x ray absorbed and vanishes; electromagnetic energy of the xray is imparted to the electron in kinetic energy and electron flies from its orbit; forming secondary ion pairs

A

photoelectric effect

30
Q

interacts with orbital electron and ejects it. only a part of xray energy is transferred to the electron and a new, weaker xray is formed and scattered in some new direction

A

compton scattering

31
Q

compton effect produces what

A

scatter

32
Q

both compton and photoelectric effects involve what

A

ionization; occurs during interactions with a patients body tissue or other matter

33
Q

scatter is what kind of radiation

A

secondary radiation

34
Q

SI metric system

A

coulombs per kilogram(C/kg)
Gray(Gy)
Sievert (Sv)

35
Q

the measurement of ionization in air produced by xrays or gamma rays; and what is unit of measurement?

A

exposure; coulombs per kilogram(C/kg) or roentgen

36
Q

the amount of energy deposited in any form of matter, such as tissues of head and neck of patient, by any type of radiation; unit of measurement

A

absorbed dose; gray or rad

37
Q

used to compare the biological effects of the various types of radiation; term for radiation protection

A

dose equivalent; Sv and rem

38
Q

used to compare the risk of radiation exposure producing a biological response

A

effective dose equivalent; microsievert

39
Q

ionizing radiation that is always present in our environment

A

background radiation

40
Q

PID

A

position indicating device

radiology dhyg 3027 (8 decks)

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