Chapter 2

Question 1

genetic information; what your genes let you express

Answer 1

genotype

Question 2

expressed, directly observable, characteristics

Answer 2

phenotype

Question 3

What are the three components of the nucleus’s genetic blueprint?

Answer 3

chromosomes, genes, DNA

Question 4

store and transmit genetic information; within cell nucleus

Answer 4

chromosomes

Question 5

segments of DNA along the length of the chromosome

Answer 5

genes

Question 6

directly affect our body’s characteristics

Answer 6

protein-coding genes

Question 7

modify the instructions given by protein coding genes

Answer 7

regulator genes

Question 8

sex cells (sperm and ovum); contain 23 chromosomes

Answer 8

gametes

Question 9

union of sperm and ovum (conception)

Answer 9

zygote

Question 10

result when a zygote separates into two clusters of cells that develop into two individuals; individuals have the same genetic makeup

Answer 10

monozygotic (identical) twins

Question 11

result from the release of two ova; individuals genetically no more alike than ordinary siblings

Answer 11

dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Question 12

versions of genes (heterozygous or homozygous)

Answer 12

alleles

Question 13

expressive dominant or recessive trait

Answer 13

homozygous

Question 14

expressive dominant trait only

Answer 14

heterozygous

Question 15

both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait that is intermediate between the two (e.g., sickle cell trait)

Answer 15

incomplete-dominance pattern

Question 16

X chromosomes with a harmful allele are inherited; affects males mostly (e.g., hemophilia)

Answer 16

X-linked pattern

Question 17

usually occurs with errors in mitosis or meiosis (too few or too many), effect of maternal age, environmental influences

Answer 17

chromosomal abnormalities

Question 18

What are the four environmental contexts for development?

Answer 18

family, socioeconomic status, neighborhoods/schools, cultural context

Question 19

What is the first and longest-lasting environmental context for development?

Answer 19

family

Question 20

parenting style (e.g., firm but warm discipline vs. harsh and impatient discipline) is an example of ______ influence on children’s development.

Answer 20

direct

Question 21

third parties of Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory (marital conflict vs. warm, considerate marriage) are an example of _______ influence on children’s development.

Answer 21

indirect

Question 22

combines years of education, prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, and income

Answer 22

SES

Question 23

What three factors affect SES?

Answer 23

timing of marriage and parenthood, number of children (family size), child-rearing practices and ideals

Question 24

People who work in skilled manual occupations (e.g., truck drivers, construction workers) tend to marry and have children ______ AND have ______ children than people in professional occupations.

Answer 24

earlier, more

Question 25

Lower SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (obedience, politeness, neatness).

Answer 25

external

Question 26

Higher SES parents emphasize ________ characteristics (curiosity, happiness, self-direction, cognitive and social maturity).

Answer 26

psychological

Question 27

Poverty is hardest on _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 27

children, minorities, elderly

Question 28

______ leads to greater access to enrichment.

Answer 28

Affluence

Question 29

Communities have a greater impact on __________ __________ than well-to-do young people. - ex: transportation, after school programs

Answer 29

economically disadvantaged

Question 30

What are the three ways schools influence development?

Answer 30

physical environment, educational philosophies, social opportunities

Question 31

What are American cultural norms?

Answer 31

- "me" vs "we" - care and rearing of children and paying for that care are the duty of parents and only parents - value independence, self-reliance, and the privacy of family life

Question 32

groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture - ex: extended family households, collectivism vs. individualism

Answer 32

subcultures

Question 33

laws and government programs designed to improve current conditions - ex: Affordable Care Act, Social Security, Medicare

Answer 33

public policies

Question 34

study of relationship b/t nature and nurture - twin studies: nurture - adoption: nature and nurture

Answer 34

behavioral genetics

Question 35

degree to which traits are attributable to genetics or environment

Answer 35

heritability

Question 36

- caregivers provide environments (e.g., athletic parents emphasizing outdoor activities and enrolling their kids in sports they like) - child has no control over environment

Answer 36

passive [gene-environment] correlation

Question 37

children seek environments matching heredity (e.g., studious child spends time at the library, athletic child willingly invests in sports)

Answer 37

active [gene-environment] correlation

Question 38

tendency to actively choose environments that complement our heredity (e.g., picking a college, a major, a friend group)

Answer 38

niche-picking

Question 39

- development constantly changing courses | - ongoing bidirectional exchanges between nature and nurture

Answer 39

epigenesis