Chapter 2

Question 1

Who came up with the atomic theory and who did he say “taught” him? (maybe made him up to avert blame)

Answer 1

Democritus

Leucippus

Question 2

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Answer 2

1789
Antoine Lavoisier

before and after are different combination but nothing has changed

mass before = mass after

Question 3

What is the law of definite composition?

Answer 3

1806
Joseph Proust

the ratio of things (elements) when broken down are always the same

Question 4

What is the law of multiple proportions?

Answer 4

1808
John Dalton

You can’t have halves or fraction ratios so there is something that cannot be broken down further

Question 5

What is Dalton’s Atomic Theory?

Answer 5

1. All matter consists of atoms: indivisible particles that cannot be created nor destroyed
2. Atoms of one element CANNOT be converted into atoms of another
3. Atoms of one element are identical in mass and properties that are different from atoms of other elements
4. Compounds result from a combination of a specific ratio of atoms from different elements

Question 6

What were two experiments to try to figure out where static electricity comes from and the relationship between matter and charge?

Answer 6

Cathode Ray Experiment

Gold Foil Experiment

Question 7

What was the cathode ray experiment?

Answer 7

1897
JJ Thompson

plum pudding model

• sphere with positive charge
• electrons in it

Question 8

What was the gold foil experiment?

Answer 8

1909
Ernest Rutherford
(Hans Geiger, Ernest Marsden)

believed nucleus was entirely positively charges

Question 9

What does todays atomic theory say?

Answer 9

Atoms = small and fast (cloud)

electron: e-
protons: p+
neutrons: n0

Question 10

unit for atomic mass

Answer 10

u = amu = da

Question 11

symbol for atomic number

Answer 11

Z

Question 12

symbol for mass number

Answer 12

A

Question 13

Whats the superscript on the right?

Answer 13

charge

Question 14

Whats the superscript on the left?

Answer 14

mass number

atomic mass if a group

Question 15

Whats the subscript on the left?

Answer 15

atomic number

Question 16

what does no charge mean?

Answer 16

protons = electrons

Question 17

How do you find the number of neutrons?

Answer 17

mass number - atomic number

A - Z

Question 18

What is the atomic number?

Answer 18

of protons

Question 19

What is the mass number?

Answer 19

of protons + # of nuetrons

Question 20

What are isotopes of an element?

Answer 20

Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Question 21

Are chemical properties the same in isotopes?

Answer 21

yes, even tho they have different atomic mass

Question 22

symbol for atomic mass

Answer 22

M

Question 23

What is atomic mass?

Answer 23

average mass for all isotopes

Question 24

Finding atomic mass=

Answer 24

M= (mass of isotope #1)(abundance as decimal) + (mass of isotope #2)(abundance as decimal) +…..

Question 25

1 u =

Answer 25

1.66054x10^-24 (1/12) ^12C

Question 26

Atomic mass unit

Answer 26

u | Da - dalton, amu

Question 27

fathers of the periodic table?

Answer 27

Dmitri mendeleev | Julius lothar meyer

Question 28

Horizontal rows?

Answer 28

periods

Question 29

Vertical rows?

Answer 29

groups

Question 30

Name the groups... G 1 G 2 G 17 (7a) G 18 (8A) other groups

Answer 30

Alkali metals Alkali earth metals halogens noble gases referred to by the name of the first element in the group

Question 31

What are most of the elements in the periodic table?

Answer 31

metals

Question 32

Properties of metals

Answer 32

metallic luster - shine or reflect light malleable - can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets ductile - can be drawn into wire hardness - resistance to change conduct heat and electricity

Question 33

Phases of metals?

Answer 33

solids at room temp (25 degrees c) melting point > 25 degrees c

Question 34

What is the lowest and highest melting point for a metal?

Answer 34

lowest: Hg Mercury mp = -39 degrees c highest: W Tungsten mp = 3400 degrees c

Question 35

Chemical reactivity of metals?

Answer 35

varies greatly - Au, Pt very unreactive Gold, Platinum - Na, K very reactive Sodium, Potassium

Question 36

How many elements are nonmetals? | Where on periodic table/

Answer 36

17 elements | upper right corner

Question 37

What do nonmetals mostly consist of?

Answer 37

more molecules and not single atoms

Question 38

What state are most, some, and one of the nonmetals?

Answer 38

gases solid one liquid

Question 39

What is the one liquid nonmetal? | What category does it also fall into?

Answer 39

Br2 | diatomic

Question 40

What are the types of nonmetal gases and what do they exist as ?

Answer 40

monoatomic (noble) - dont exist as molecule diatomic - only exist as molecule

Question 41

what are the monoatomic nonmetal gases?

Answer 41

noble gases

Question 42

what are the diatomic nonmetal gases?

Answer 42

``` H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 ```

Question 43

what are the solid nonmetals?

Answer 43

``` C (infinity) P 4 S 8 Se 8 I 2 ```

Question 44

What are three forms of carbon?

Answer 44

graphite coal diamond

Question 45

Properties of nonmetals

Answer 45

brittle - pulverized when struck insulators - nonconductor of heat and electricity

Question 46

Chemical reactivity of nonmetals?

Answer 46

some inert - noble gases some reactive - F2 (most reactive) - O2 - H2

Question 47

What do nonmetals react with and what bonds do they form?

Answer 47

metals | ionic compounds

Question 48

How many elements are metalloids? | Where on periodic table/

Answer 48

8 elements | diagonal line between metals and nonmetals

Question 49

Which elements are the metalloids?

Answer 49

``` B Si Ge As Sb Te Po At ```

Question 50

Properties of metalloids?

Answer 50

metallic shine brittle semi conductors - conduct electricity but not as well as metals - Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge)

Question 51

What are the types of bonding? | How are they bonded?

Answer 51

ionic bonds electron transfer metal and nonmetal covalent bonds electron sharing nonmetals metallic bonds electron pooling (happy to go where it is best) metals

Question 52

What is a cation?

Answer 52

+ charged ion formed from metals atoms lose e-

Question 53

What is an anion?

Answer 53

- charged ion formed from nonmetals atoms gain e-

Question 54

Coulombs Law... ``` def equation ``` explain

Answer 54

opposites attract E (alpha/proportional) : [(q1)(q2)] / r ``` E = potential energy q = charge r = distance ``` > distance denominator grows

Question 55

What do parenthesis mean?

Answer 55

there are multiple of that thing

Question 56

what is the dots used in?

Answer 56

hydrates

Question 57

What are square brackets used for? | Where are they used usually?

Answer 57

repeating units as a whole thing | polymers

Question 58

A unit of atoms that stay together as a charged unit?

Answer 58

polyatomic atoms

Question 59

Two types of chemical formula?

Answer 59

molecular formula | empirical formula

Question 60

What formula notates the entirety of the chemical composition?

Answer 60

molecular formula

Question 61

What formula is a simplified formula that provides relative ratio of elements?

Answer 61

empirical formula

Question 62

Rules for writing ionic formulas

Answer 62

1. cation given first in the formula 2. subscripts formula must produce electrically neutral formula unit 3. subscripts lowest whole number 4. charges on ions not included in finished formula

Question 63

How do u list ionic names?

Answer 63

anion goes second | cation name, anion with suffix -ide

Question 64

How do you name ionic bonds with transition metals?

Answer 64

element (roman numeral), anion suffix -ide

Question 65

Naming Polyatomic Oxyanions (series of 2)

Answer 65

less O = suffix - ite | more O = suffix - ate

Question 66

Naming Polyatomic Oxyanions (series of 4)

Answer 66

less O = prefix -hypo / suffix -ite More O = suffix -ite Even More O = suffix -ate more O = prefix -hypo / suffix -ate

Question 67

How to name hydrates

Answer 67

name ionic compound + (prefix)hydrate

Question 68

prefixes for hydrates

Answer 68

``` 1 = mono 2 = di 3 = tri 4 = tetra 5 = penta 6 = hexa 7 = hepta 8 = octa 9 = nona 10 = deca ```

Question 69

Covalent = what elements?

Answer 69

2 nonmetals

Question 70

What element come first when naming covalent bonds?

Answer 70

lower group # and then, highest period (bottom of periodic table) Halogen+Oxygen = Halogen first

Question 71

Steps to name Covalent bonds?

Answer 71

keep root add prefix for # of atoms (first and second element) add the suffix -ide don't add mono to first element ever

Question 72

Organic chemistry | inorganic chemistry

Answer 72

``` Ochem = carbon-containing molecules Inochem = metal-containing molecules ```

Question 73

Units of covalently bonded atoms that appear in various molecules giving them a specific function?

Answer 73

functional groups

Question 74

what do structural formulas show? | chemical bonds represented by?

Answer 74

how many atoms are attached | lines

Question 75

Ball and stick model Spheres = Sticks =

Answer 75

``` Spheres = atoms Sticks = bonds ```

Question 76

What model is most accurate in shape and shows relative size of atom?

Answer 76

space filling molecule

Question 77

How do chemists draw 3D?

Answer 77

single line = line in plane dotted line = line going away bolded wedge line = line coming towards you

Question 78

Study the pic of molecule colors and sizes...

Answer 78

HELP IMA FAIL!!!