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CHM 115 Blechle > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

What needs to happen for a reaction to occur?

A

reactants must come into physical contact

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2
Q

What phase does reactions happen best in?

A

gas or liquid

b/c more movement occurs

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3
Q

What is a homogeneous mixture?

A

two or more components mix freely

molecules or ions are completely intermingled

contain at least two substances

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4
Q

What is the medium that dissolves the solute?

A

solvent

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5
Q

What is the substance dissolved in solvent?

A

solute

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6
Q

What is the component is large amounts in a solution?

A

solvent

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7
Q

What does an aqueous solution mean?

A

a solute dissolved in water as the solvent

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8
Q

A method characterizing solution broadly defined as a solute to solvent ratio, though the method of measurement can change?

A

concentration

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9
Q

Formula for the concentration?

A

C = solute / solvent

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10
Q

What is a concentration called when the solution is a small solute to solvent ratio?

Give example

A

dilute solution

eye drops

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11
Q

What is a concentration called when the solution is a large solute to solvent ratio?

Give example

A

concentrated solution

brine

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12
Q

Why do you have to be careful when you use ‘dilute’ and ‘concentrated’ ?

A

they are relative terms

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13
Q

What do chemists use as a unit of absolute concentration?

A

M = molarity

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14
Q

What are the units for molarity (M)?

A

moles / liter

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15
Q

Formula for solute

A

g solute needed to make saturated solution / 100g solvent

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16
Q

What does solubility depend on?

A

temperature

also the type of solvent

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17
Q

Solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature?

A

saturated solution

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18
Q

Solution containing less solute than the maximum amount (able to dissolve more solute)?

A

unsaturated solution

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19
Q

Solution that holds more than the maximum solute because its temp went up, solute was added, and then the temp cooled?

A

super saturated solution

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20
Q

What does it mean for a solution to be an electrolyte?

A

it conducts charge

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21
Q

Which compounds conduct electricity and which ones do not?

A

ionic compounds do

molecular compounds do not

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22
Q

What is a strong vs weak electrolyte?

A 
strong = conducts electricity well
weak = conducts electricity but not well
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23
Q

What happens when molecular compounds dissolve in water?

A

particles are surrounded by water

do not dissociate

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24
Q

What happens when ionic compounds dissolve in water?

A

water arranges itself around ions snd removes lattice (bonds?)
dissociate
(unless its a polyatomic)

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25
What is dissociation?
salt breaks apart into ions when entering solution
26
What conducts electricity when ionic compound dissociate?
the separated ions
27
What do ionic compounds dissolved form?
hydrated ions
28
What does hydrated mean?
surrounded by water
29
How are ions indicated in a chemical equations?
aqueous (aq) written behind it or the ions are separated
30
What equation has substances listed as complete formulas?
molecular equation
31
What equation has all soluble substances broken into ions?
ionic equation
32
What equation only lists substances that actually take part in the reaction?
net ionic equation
33
What do net ionic equations get rid of from ionic equations?
spectator ions
34
What equation gives the identity of all compounds?
molecular eqation
35
What dissociates into ions?
All strong electrolytes
36
What equation is used to visualize what is actually occurring in solution?
ionic equation
37
What are spectator ions?
ions that don't take part in reaction | they sit and watch
38
What equation emphasizes the actual reaction?
net ionic equations
39
What equation focuses on the chemical change that occurs?
net ionic equations
40
What is the criteria for ionic and net ionic equations?
material balance - same # of atom on both sides | electrical balance - same net electrical charge on both sides
41
What type of reaction is when two ions change partners?
metathesis / double replacement reaction
42
What type of reaction is when one ion changes to the other ion in the equation?
single replacement reaction
43
Give a sample formula for metathesis? | Give sample for single replacement?
AB + CD --> AD + BD (cation always go with anion) | AB + C --> A + CB
44
When does metathesis reactions occur?
``` solid liquid gas weak electrolyte non-electrolyte ``` *if one of those forms as a product (if not then it doesn't react and all ions are spectator ions)
45
Name the Solubility Rules
1. all salts of alkali metal (G1A) 2. all salts containing NH4(+) , NO3(-) , ClO4(-), ClO3(-) , C2H3O2(-) 3. all chlorides, iodides, and bromides * except with Ag(+) , Pb(2+) , Hg2(2+) 4. all salts containing SO4(2-) * except with Ca(2+) , Sr(2+) , Ba(2+) , Hg2(2+) , Pb(2+)
46
Name the Insolubility Rules
5. all metal hydroxides and metal oxides [OH(-) and O(2-)] * except with G1A , Ca(2+) , Sr(2+) , Ba(2+) 6. all salts containing PO4(3-) , CO3(2-) , SO3(2-) , S(2-) * except G1A and NH4(+)
47
Acids and Bases are common lab Reagan's...name some common household acids and bases?
acids - vinegar, citrus juice, cola | bases - drain cleaners, ammonia
48
What is an Arrhenius Acid?
substance that reacts with water to produce hydronium ion, H3O(+)
49
What is an Arrhenius Base?
substance that reacts with water to produce the hydroxide ion, OH(-)
50
Give example equation for Arrhenius Acid...
HA + H2O --> A(-) + H3O(+)
51
Give example equation for Arrhenius Base...
metal hydroxide --> metal + hydroxide | NaOH (s) --> Na(+)(aq) + OH(-) (aq)
52
Name the Strong Acids
``` HClO4 (Perchloric acid) HCl (Hydrochloric acid) HBr (Hydrobromic acid) HI (Hydroiodic acid) HNO3 (Nitric acid) H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) ^^all aqueous ```
53
What is the electrical conduction dissociation of strong acids and bases?
``` good electrical conduction dissociate completely (aq) ```
54
Name the Strong Bases
``` G1A metal hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH PbOH CsOH ``` G2A metal hydroxides Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2
55
What is the electricity conduction of weak acids and bases?
weak electrolyte
56
What strength is acetic acid? | What is it?
weak CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO(-) (aq)
57
What is it called when 2 opposing reactions are occurring at the same rate?
Dynamic Equilibrium | Chemical Equilibrium
58
What is it called when concentrations of substances present in solution do not change with time?
equilibrium
59
What is it called when both opposing reactions occur continuously?
dynamic
60
How are dynamic equilibrium equations represented?
a double arrow
61
In a dynamic equilibrium reaction...which reaction forms what?
forward reaction = forms ions | backward reaction = reverse ions
62
Do weak acids and bases dissociate?
weak acids = yes | weak bases = no
63
Write basic formula for a STRONG ACID IN WATER
HA (aq) + H2O --> H3O(+) + A(-)
64
Write basic formula for a STRONG BASE ex:M(OH)n
M(OH)n --> M(n+) (aq) + nOH(-) (aq)
65
Write basic formula for a WEAK ACID IN WATER
HA (aq) + H2O H3O(+) + A(-)
66
Write basic formula for a WEAK BASE IN WATER
B (aq) + H2O HB(+) (aq) + OH(-) (aq)
67
What is a neutralization reaction?
reaction that results is production of water and salt product is neither acidic or basic HA +BOH --> AB + H2O
68
neutralization reaction between STRONG ACID and STRONG BASE | 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 (aq) -->
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 (aq) --> 2H2O (l) + CaCl2 (aq)
69
neutralization reaction between WEAK ACID and STRONG BASE | HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH(-) -->
HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH(-) --> H2O (l) + NaC2H3O2(-)
70
neutralization reaction between STRONG ACID and WEAK BASE | HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) -->
HNO3 (aq) + NH3 (aq) --> NH4NO3 (aq)
71
neutralization reaction between WEAK ACID and WEAK BASE | HC2H3O2 (aq) + NH3 (aq) -->
HC2H3O2 (aq) + NH3 (aq) --> NH4C2H3O2 (aq)
72
What are oxidation-reduction reactions?
electron transfer reactions | - from 1 substance to another
73
What is another name for oxidation-reduction reactions?
redox reactions
74
When do redox reactions occur?
combustion of fuels | metal reacting with oxygen
75
What are the 2 processes of redox reactions?
oxidation = loss of electrons reduction = gain electrons LEO goes GER
76
What is the oxidizing agent? | What is the reducing agent?
ox=substance that accepts electron re=substance that donates electrons
77
Split into half reactions | 2Na + Cl2 --> 2 Na(+) + 2Cl(-)
reduction half reaction Cl2 + 2e(-) --> 2Cl(-) oxidation half reaction Na --> Na(+) + e(-)
78
What use happen for redox reactions to occur?
one substance must accept the electrons lost by another
79
Can oxidation numbers be fractions?
yes but not common
80
What is oxidation state?
oxidation #
81
List then hierarchy of asigning Oxidation Number
1. oxidation numbers must add to = charge of unit 2. atoms of free elements have oxidation numbers of 0 3. metals in G1A, G2A, and Al have ox. numbers of +1 , +2 , +3 4. H and F in compounds have +1 , -1 ox. numbers 5. oxygen has a ox. number of = -2 6. G7A elements have ox. number of -1 7. G6A elements have ox. number of -2 8. G5A elements have ox. number of -3 9. when there is a conflict between rules, use rule with lower ox. number or higher on list
82
How do you know if a single replacement reaction will take place?
looking at the metal activity series
83
Is the top or bottom of the metal activity series list more reactive?
the top meaning the higher ones displace lower ones the more active element must be by itself equation
84
What equations do you use to figure of the molarity or volume of a dilute or concentration solution?
(V1)(M1) = (V2)(M2) ``` 1 = dilute 2 = concentrated ```

CHM 115 Blechle (8 decks)

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