Chapter 2 Adolescents in Theoretical Context

Question 0

the first psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from birth to one year, during which the child’s chief source of pleasure and satisfaction comes from oral activity

Answer 0

Oral Stage

Question 1

“storm and stress”; used to describe the volatile adolescent temperament

Answer 1

Sturm Und Drang

Question 2

the second psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: the second year of life, during which the child seeks pleasure and satisfaction through anal activity and the elimination of waste

Answer 2

Anal Stage

Question 3

the third psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about the fourth to the sixth year, during which the genital area is the chief source of pleasure and satisfaction

Answer 3

Phallic Stage

Question 4

the fourth psychosexual stage stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: from about ages six to twelve, during which sexual interests remain hidden while the child concentrates on school and other activities

Answer 4

Latency Stage

Question 5

the fifth and last psychosexual stage in Sigmund Freud’s theory of development: during which sexual urges result in seeking other persons as sexual objects to relieve sexual tension

Answer 5

Genital Stage

Question 6

the taking on of parental values, beliefs, and behaviors

Answer 6

Identification

Question 7

the formation of personal identity by the development of the self as a unique person separate from parents and others

Answer 7

Individuation

Question 8

Freud’s theory that the structure of personality is composed of the id, ego, and superego and that mental health depends on keeping the balance among them

Answer 8

Psychoanalytic Theory

Question 9

according to Sigmund Freud, those instinctual urges that a person seeks to satisfy according to the pleasure principle

Answer 9

Id

Question 10

according to Sigmund Freud, the rational mind that seeks to satisfy the id in keeping with reality

Answer 10

Ego

Question 11

according to Sigmund Freud, that part of the mind that opposes the desires of the id by enforcing moral restrictions that have been learned to try to attain a goal of perfection

Answer 11

Superego

Question 12

according to Anna Freud, unrealistic strategies used by the ego to protect itself and to discharge tension

Answer 12

Defense Mechanism

Question 13

the failure to establish a personal identity

Answer 13

Identity Diffusion

Question 14

a socially sanctioned period between childhood and adulthood during which an individual os free to experiment to find a socially acceptable identity and role

Answer 14

Psychosocial Moratorium

Question 15

the stage of life, generally extending through one’s twenties, in which one is between adolescence and full adulthood

Answer 15

Emerging Adulthood

Question 16

the act or process of knowing

Answer 16

Cognition

Question 17

someone like Piaget, who believes that both brain maturation and environmental experience are needed for cognitive development

Answer 17

Organismic Psychologist

Question 18

the original patterns of thinking; the mental structures that people use for dealing with what happens in the environment

Answer 18

Schema

Question 19

including and adjusting to new information that increases understanding

Answer 19

Adaptation

Question 20

incorporating a feature of the environment into an existing mode or structure of thought

Answer 20

Assimilation

Question 21

adjusting to new information by creating new structures to replace the old ones

Answer 21

Accomodation

Question 22

according to Piaget, achieving a balance between schemas and accomodation

Answer 22

Equilibrium

Question 23

abstract reasoning principles that allow children to think logically

Answer 23

Mental Operations

Question 24

the level of learning at which a task that is too difficult for a child to complete by himself or herself is manageable with help

Answer 24

Zone of Proximal Development

Question 25

the assistance provided to help a child master a task; it is gradually withdrawn as the child gains competence

Answer 25

Scaffolding

Question 26

learning by observing and imitating the behavior of another

Answer 26

Modeling

Question 27

positive these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will occur again; negative these are influences that increase the probability that the preceding response will stop

Answer 27

Reinforcement

Question 28

learning from observing the positive or negative consequences of another person's behavior

Answer 28

Vicarious Reinforcement

Question 29

the act of learners rewarding themselves for activities or responses that they consider of good quality

Answer 29

Self-Reinforcement

Question 30

the skills, knowledge, functions, and attitudes that individuals have to acquire at certain points in their lives in order to function effectively as mature persons

Answer 30

Developmental Tasks

Question 31

includes those persons with whom the adolescent has immediate contact and who influence him or her

Answer 31

Microsystem

Question 32

the reciprocal relationships among microsystem settings

Answer 32

Mesosystems

Question 33

that part of an ecological system that includes settings in which the adolescent does not have an active role as a participant but that influence him or her nevertheless

Answer 33

Exosystem

Question 34

the ideologies, attitudes, mores, customs, and laws of a particular culture that influence the individual

Answer 34

Macrosystem

Question 35

the influence of a particular culture in determining the personality and behavior of a developing individual

Answer 35

Cultural Determinism

Question 36

variations in social institutions, economic patterns, habits, mores, rituals, religious beliefs, and ways of life from one culture to another

Answer 36

Cultural Relativism