Chapter 2 Altered Cells and Tissues

Question 1

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 1

the cell adapts/responds in order to survive and reach homeostasis

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

cell shrinks in an attempt to reduce its workload, EX: broken leg not being used for period of time

Question 3

Hypertrophy

Answer 3

cell increases its mass in an attempt to increase its functional capacity to mee demands or to hormonal signaling. EX: muscle being used often making the body increase its size

Question 4

Hyperplasia

Answer 4

cells that are capable of mitotic division will accelerate mitosis in order to increase their numb3r and functional ability. EX: breasts increase in size during pregnancy

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

when exposed to persistent injury, cells will replace themselves with a different type that is better able to deal with that injury. EX: Barretts Esophagus from gastric reflux

Question 6

Dysplasia

Answer 6

dysfunctional effort to adapt; usually considered pre-neoplastic (abnormal cell growth, can be cancerous). EX: cartilage dysplasia in some cases can cause dwarfism

Question 7

cellular injury

Answer 7

early stages, mild forms of cell injury is reversible. continual cell damage and injury causes irreversible state that the cell cannot recover from and the cell dies

Question 8

Hypoxia

Answer 8

oxygen deprivation, most common cause of cell injury, interferes with generation of ATP, this slows cell processes, Na+ accumulates in the cell, drawing water

Question 9

Anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 9

how ATP is made without oxygen, only yields 3 ATP while Aerobic yields 30 ATP

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

programmed cell death

Question 11

Direct trauma to cell membranes

Answer 11

EX: a papercut

Question 12

Blunt force trauma

Answer 12

does not break skin

Question 13

direct penetrating trauma

Answer 13

EX: a knife stabs the skin

Question 14

Hypothermic injury

Answer 14

severe vasocontraction and increased blood viscosity causes ischemia (constricted blood flow)

Question 15

Hyperthermic injury

Answer 15

microvascular coagulation, increase metabolic processes, direct tissue

Question 16

electrical injury

Answer 16

cells of the body act as conductors of electricity, neural and cardiac are interrupted, hyperthermic destruction occurs. genetic damage, radiation induced cell death,

Question 17

chemical injury

Answer 17

toxic chemicals/poisons exert their effects by interfering with bonds. heavy metals, toxic gases, corrosives, antimetabolites

Question 18

nutritional deficiencies

Answer 18

cell injury can come from deficiency or excess of nutrients, poor diet, altered absorption, impaired distribution

Question 19

Necrosis

Answer 19

cell death in an organ or in tissues that are still part of a living person. often interferes with cell replacement and tissue regeneration

Question 20

Liquefaction

Answer 20

neuron and glial cells of the brain turn to softened center of abscess with discharge of contents

Question 21

coagulation

Answer 21

dead cells convert to gray, firm mass, opaque state, seen in heart, kidney and adrenal glands

Question 22

caseous

Answer 22

exclusive to TB, body walls this off and middle becomes white soft and fragile, dead cells persist as a cheese-like debris in lungs

Question 23

Gangrene

Answer 23

when a considerable amount of tissue undergoes necrosis

Question 24

Dry Gangrene

Answer 24

slow, dry, shrinks, dark brown or black, typically an arterial problem mainly confined to the extremities (clot)

Question 25

Wet Gangrene

Answer 25

rapid, type of liquefaction necrosis interference of venous blood return, blebs form on skin, foul order from bacterial action, moist, black, can become systemic, dry can convert to wet if bacteria invade

Question 26

Gas Gangrene

Answer 26

most commonly results from Clostridium perfringens, anaerobic spore forming organisms produce toxins that cause cell membrane to dissolve, prone to occur in trauma, produces hydrogen sulfide gas (serious and rapidly fatal)

Question 27

1. The organelle that is involved in cellular respiration and is linked to the development of oxidative stress is known as the: a. endoplasmic reticulum. b. Golgi apparatus. c. lysosome. d. mitochondria.

Answer 27

mitochondria

Question 28

2. Cells develop into tissues with specialized structure and function through the process of: a. differentiation. b. proliferation. c. endocytosis. d. exocytosis.

Answer 28

differentiation

Question 29

3. The cell’s typical response to a decrease in trophic signal is: a. atrophy. b. hypertrophy. c. hyperplasia. d. phagocytosis.

Answer 29

atrophy

Question 30

4. Cell death by necrosis is: a. the cell’s way of replacing aged cells with new cells. b. also known as programmed cell death. c. often a response to inflammation. d. commonly seen during the period of embryo development.

Answer 30

often a response to inflammation

Question 31

5. You are caring for a female patient who has reported a noticeable decrease in breast size and muscle mass. Which of the following conditions and causes is the most likely explanation? a. Puberty b. Pregnancy c. Menopause d. Acromegaly

Answer 31

Menopause

Question 32

6. The changes seen in cells adapting to stressors that promote metaplasia: a. are irreversible. b. can result in cancer. c. change from one cell type to another. d. show abnormal differentiation

Answer 32

change from one cell type to another

Question 33

7. Cellular atrophy results in: a. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell number. b. increase in tissue volume due to increase in cell size. c. decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size. d. no change in tissue volume.

Answer 33

decrease in tissue volume due to decrease in cell size.

Question 34

8. Treatment of chronic conditions associated with cerebral atrophy: a. are effective at restoring neuronal function. b. are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy. c. are best initiated when advanced signs and symptoms are evident. d. are not indicated.

Answer 34

are targeted toward slowing neuronal injury and atrophy.

Question 35

9. Which of the following hormones is secreted from the anterior pituitary? a. Growth hormone b. Somatostatin c. Growth hormone–releasing hormone d. Insulin-like growth factor 1

Answer 35

Growth hormone

Question 36

10. Which one of the following is a diagnostic test for cervical dysplasia? a. Liquid-based Pap cytology b. Conventional Pap cytology c. Cervical punch biopsy d. HPV testing

Answer 36

Cervical punch biopsy

Question 37

11. Which of the following reactive oxygen species is scavenged by catalase? a. Hydroxyl radical b. Peroxynitrite c. Superoxide d. Hydrogen peroxide

Answer 37

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 38

12. Which of the following terms describes cells that are enlarged, with darkened nuclei and abnormal chromatin? a. Hyperplastic b. Dysplastic c. Metaplastic d. Aplastic

Answer 38

Dysplastic