Chapter 9 Altered Acid Base Balance

Question 1

Acid-base balance

Answer 1

regulated to maintain normal pH

Question 2

Acids

Answer 2

donate hydrogen ions

Question 3

Bases

Answer 3

accept hydrogen ions

Question 4

pH

Answer 4

clinical measurement of the acid-base ratio

Question 5

Anion Gap

Answer 5

measures the major cations and anions in the plasma, providing an indication of acid-base balance

Question 6

Buffering systems

Answer 6

Plasma buffer: bicarbonate, protein, potassium-hydrogen-exchange
Respiratory buffer (expelling of CO2
Renal: H+ ion and HCO3, tubular, k+ and H+ exchange, CI and HCO3

Question 7

Plasma buffer

Answer 7

reacts within seconds in response to hydrogen ion concentration

Question 8

Respiratory buffer system

Answer 8

reacts within minutes to excrete CO2 through change in respiratory rate

Question 9

Renal buffer system

Answer 9

reacts within hours to days through the production, absorption, and excretion of acids, bases, and ions

Question 11

Bicarbonate buffer system

Answer 11

substitutes strong acid HCL for weaker acid H2CO3 and strong base NaOH is substituted for the weak base NaHCO3

Question 12

Protein Buffer System

Answer 12

largest buffer system, albumin and plasma globulins, can accept and give H+ ions

Question 13

Potassium Hydrogen

Answer 13

Hydrogen enters the cell and potassium escapes to extracellular compartment

Question 14

Renal Buffer Systems

Answer 14

hydrogen ion elimination/bicarbonate conservation tubular, potassium-hydrogen exchange, chloride-bicarbonate exchange

Question 15

Acidosis

Answer 15

systemic decrease in H+ concentration or increase in bicarbonate

Question 16

Alkalosis

Answer 16

systemic increase in H+ concentration or decrease in bicarbonate

Question 17

Normal blood pH

Answer 17

7.35 to 7.45

Question 18

PCO3 (partial carbon dioxide)

Answer 18

35-45 mmHg

Question 19

HCO3 (bicarbonate)

Answer 19

22-26 mEg/L

Question 20

Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 20

buildup of acid in the body due to some sort of renal failure; bicarbonate levels are affected

Question 21

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 21

buildup of basic ions, too much bicarbonate in the blood

Question 22

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 22

when your lungs cannot remove enough CO2 from the body

Question 23

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 23

caused by hyperventilation, getting rid of too much CO2

Question 24

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) - associated acidosis

Answer 24

used to treat HIV, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperlactatemia/lactic acidemia, lactic acidosis, vomiting, nausea, weight loss
Diagnosed by clinical manifestations, blood lactate levels, electrolyte and blood pH levels, liver function tests

Question 25

1. Which of the following is an example of a strong acid? a. Albumin b. Inorganic phosphorus c. Sodium d. Lactate

Answer 25

Lactate

Question 26

2. An anion gap of 16 can be calculated by which of the following scenarios? a. Sodium 146, chloride 102, bicarbonate 26 mEq/L b. Sodium 140, chloride 102, bicarbonate 26 mEq/L c. Sodium 136, chloride 122, bicarbonate 30 mEq/L d. Sodium 148, chloride 100, bicarbonate 28 mEq/L

Answer 26

Sodium 146, chloride 102, bicarbonate 26 mEq/L

Question 27

3. A pH of 7.5 is defined as: a. alkalosis. b. acidosis. c. acidemia. d. alkalemia.

Answer 27

alkalosis

Question 28

4. An example of anion exchange includes: a. sodium and hydrogen exchange. b. sodium and chloride exchange. c. bicarbonate and chloride exchange. d. hydrogen and bicarbonate exchange.

Answer 28

bicarbonate and chloride exchange.

Question 29

5. Hypokalemia is often associated with which one of the following conditions? a. Metabolic alkalosis b. Metabolic acidosis c. Hyperchloremia d. None of the above

Answer 29

a. Metabolic alkalosis

Question 30

6. Metabolic acidosis may be associated with: a. increased chloride levels. b. increased metabolic acids. c. decreased bicarbonate. d. all of the above.

Answer 30

all of the above.

Question 31

7. Hyperlactatemia due to drug treatment is a complication in which of the following conditions? a. Salt-losing tubulopathy b. Cirrhosis c. AIDS d. Isonatremic dehydration

Answer 31

AIDS

Question 32

Hydrogen ion concentration

Answer 32

the inverse of the pH, when pH is low, there is high amount of H+ and when pH is high, there is a low amount of H+