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Psychology > Chapter 2/Apendix B > Flashcards

Chapter 2/Apendix B Flashcards

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0
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences

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1
Q

Affiliation motive

A

Need to associate with others and maintain social bonds

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2
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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3
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

Percentage of variation in one variable that can be predicted based on the other variable

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4
Q

Confounding of variables

A

A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects

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5
Q

Conservation

A

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or experience

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6
Q

Control group

A

Subjects in a study who do not receive special treatment given to the experimental group

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7
Q

Correlation

A

Extent to which two variables are related to each other

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8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

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9
Q

Date collection techniques

A

Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

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11
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data

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12
Q

Double blind procedure

A

A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups

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13
Q

Empiricism

A

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

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14
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observe whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

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15
Q

Experimental group

A

The subjects in a study who get special treatment

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16
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

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17
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

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18
Q

Frequency distribution

A

And orderly arrangement of score indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores

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19
Q

Frequency polygon

A

A line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution

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20
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph that presents data from a frequency distribution

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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22
Q

Independent variable

A

In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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23
Q

Inferential statistics

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A

Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions

24
Journal
A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry
25
Mean
The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution
26
Median
The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores
27
Meditation
A family of mental exercises and watch a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way
28
Mode
The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution
29
Naturalistic observation
A descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects
30
Negatively skewed distribution
A distribution in which most scores pile up at the high end of the scale
31
Normal distribution
A bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population
32
Null hypothesis
The hypothesis that there is no relationship between two variables
33
Operational definition
A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable
34
Percentile score
Figure representing the percentage of person to score below or above any particular score
35
Placebo effects
The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
36
Population
The larger collection animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about
37
Positively skewed distribution
A distribution and which most scores pile up at the low-end of the scale
38
Psychology
The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, in the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of the science of practical problems
39
Random assignment
The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition
40
Replication
The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated
41
Research methods
Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies
42
Response set
A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions
43
Sample
A collection of subjects selected for observation and an empirical study
44
Sampling bias
A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn
45
Scatter diagram
A graph in which paired X and Y scores for each subject are plotted as single points
46
Social desirability bias
A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself
47
Standard deviation
An index of the amount of variability in a set of data
48
Statistical significance
The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low
49
Statistics
The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data
50
Subjects
The persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study
51
Survey
A descriptive research method in which researchers use the questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior
52
Theory
A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations
53
Variability
The extent to which the scores and they data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean
54
Variables
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study
55
Neil Miller
Asserted that the benefits of animal researcher (the resulting treatments for mental and physical disorders) far outweigh the harm done
56
Robert Rosenthal
Studied experimenter bias, a researcher's unintended influence on the behavior of subjects
57
Stanley Shacter
Studied the effect of anxiety on affiliation

Psychology (2 decks)

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