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Psychology > Chapter 2/Apendix B > Flashcards

Chapter 2/Apendix B Flashcards

0
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences

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1
Q

Affiliation motive

A

Need to associate with others and maintain social bonds

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2
Q

Case study

A

An in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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3
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

Percentage of variation in one variable that can be predicted based on the other variable

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4
Q

Confounding of variables

A

A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects

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5
Q

Conservation

A

Piaget’s term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or experience

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6
Q

Control group

A

Subjects in a study who do not receive special treatment given to the experimental group

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7
Q

Correlation

A

Extent to which two variables are related to each other

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8
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables

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9
Q

Date collection techniques

A

Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable

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11
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data

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12
Q

Double blind procedure

A

A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups

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13
Q

Empiricism

A

The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation

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14
Q

Experiment

A

A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observe whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result

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15
Q

Experimental group

A

The subjects in a study who get special treatment

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16
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

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17
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

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18
Q

Frequency distribution

A

And orderly arrangement of score indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores

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19
Q

Frequency polygon

A

A line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution

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20
Q

Histogram

A

A bar graph that presents data from a frequency distribution

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21
Q

Hypothesis

A

A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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22
Q

Independent variable

A

In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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23
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions

24
Q

Journal

A

A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry

25
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution

26
Q

Median

A

The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores

27
Q

Meditation

A

A family of mental exercises and watch a conscious attempt is made to focus attention in a non-analytical way

28
Q

Mode

A

The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution

29
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

A descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects

30
Q

Negatively skewed distribution

A

A distribution in which most scores pile up at the high end of the scale

31
Q

Normal distribution

A

A bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population

32
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that there is no relationship between two variables

33
Q

Operational definition

A

A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable

34
Q

Percentile score

A

Figure representing the percentage of person to score below or above any particular score

35
Q

Placebo effects

A

The fact that subjects’ expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

36
Q

Population

A

The larger collection animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about

37
Q

Positively skewed distribution

A

A distribution and which most scores pile up at the low-end of the scale

38
Q

Psychology

A

The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, in the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of the science of practical problems

39
Q

Random assignment

A

The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition

40
Q

Replication

A

The repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated

41
Q

Research methods

A

Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies

42
Q

Response set

A

A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions

43
Q

Sample

A

A collection of subjects selected for observation and an empirical study

44
Q

Sampling bias

A

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn

45
Q

Scatter diagram

A

A graph in which paired X and Y scores for each subject are plotted as single points

46
Q

Social desirability bias

A

A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

47
Q

Standard deviation

A

An index of the amount of variability in a set of data

48
Q

Statistical significance

A

The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low

49
Q

Statistics

A

The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data

50
Q

Subjects

A

The persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study

51
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive research method in which researchers use the questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects’ behavior

52
Q

Theory

A

A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations

53
Q

Variability

A

The extent to which the scores and they data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean

54
Q

Variables

A

Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study

55
Q

Neil Miller

A

Asserted that the benefits of animal researcher (the resulting treatments for mental and physical disorders) far outweigh the harm done

56
Q

Robert Rosenthal

A

Studied experimenter bias, a researcher’s unintended influence on the behavior of subjects

57
Q

Stanley Shacter

A

Studied the effect of anxiety on affiliation

Psychology (2 decks)

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