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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 2 (Barlow) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Barlow) Flashcards

1
Q

Long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on
chromosomes, within the cell nucleus.

A

Genes

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2
Q

Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress

A

Diathesis–stress model

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3
Q

Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder.

A

Diathesis

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4
Q

Indicates that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful
life events

A

Gene–environment correlation model

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5
Q

How environment can change gene expression

A

Epigenetics

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6
Q

Knowing how the nervous system and, especially, how the brain works is central to any understanding of our behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes.

A

Neuroscience

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7
Q

End of an axon

A

Terminal button

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8
Q

Brain uses an average of 140 billion nerve cells, called?

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Information is transmitted through electrical impulses, called?

A

Action potentials

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10
Q

Space between the terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

A

Synaptic cleft

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11
Q

Biochemicals that are released from the axon of one neuron and transmit the impulse to the dendrite receptors of another neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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12
Q

Neurons that increase the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire

A

Excitatory

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13
Q

Neurons that decrease the likelihood that the connecting neuron will fire.

A

Inhibitory

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14
Q

Endocrine gland produces its own chemical messenger, called?

A

Hormone

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15
Q

Paths may overlap with the paths of other neurotransmitters

A

Brain circuits

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16
Q

Effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking
its effects

A

Agonists

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17
Q

Decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter

A

Antagonists

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18
Q

Produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.

A

Inverse agonists

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19
Q

Afer a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly broken down and brought
back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron that released it.

A

Reuptake

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20
Q

Excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action.

A

Glutamate

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21
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter; inhibit (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials.

A

GABA

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22
Q

Regulates our behavior, moods, and
thought processes.

A

Serotonin

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23
Q

4 neurotransmitter system in the monoamine class important to psychopathology

A

Glutamate
GABA
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

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24
Q

Concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it

A

Cognitive science

25
Q

State that occurs after someone has experienced a stressful situation repeatedly; believe that they are unable to control or change the situation, so they do not try, even when opportunities for change are available

A

Learned helplessness

26
Q

Organisms can learn just as much by observing what happens to someone else in a given situation.

A

Modeling or observational learning.

27
Q

We have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species

A

Prepared learning

28
Q

Apparent when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events.

A

Implicit memory

29
Q

Conscious memory for events

A

Explicit memory

30
Q

We simply seem able to process and store information, and act on it, without having the slightest awareness of what the information is or why we are acting on it

A

Blind sight or unconscious vision.

31
Q

Refers to unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from an individual’s self-report or behaviors.

A

Black box

32
Q

Alarm reaction that activateduring potentially life-threatening emergencies

A

Fiight or flight response

33
Q

Tendency to behave in a certain way
(for example, escape), elicited by an external event (a threat) and a feeling state (terror) and accompanied by a (possibly) characteristic physiological response

A

Action tendency

34
Q

More persistent period of affect or
emotionality.

A

Mood

35
Q

Refers to the valence dimension (i.e.,
pleasant or positive vs. unpleasant or negative) of an emotion.

A

Affect

36
Q

Any emotional experience can be assigned as a point on this two-dimensional system; this two dimensional system is known as?

A

Circumplex model

37
Q

Used to summarize commonalities among emotional states characteristic of an individual

A

Affective style

38
Q

3 Components of emotion

A

Behavior
Physiology
Cognition

39
Q

Characterized by exaggerated startle
responses, and other observable fear and anxiety reactions.

A

Fright disorders

40
Q

Refers to protecting themselves
and their young through nurturing behavior (tend) and forming alliances with larger social groups, particularly other females

A

“tend and befriend”

41
Q

Used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

A

Equifinality

42
Q

Why is psychology soft science?

A

Mostly uses theories

43
Q

3 aspects/ basic concepts to help determine the value of assessments.

A

Reliability
Validity
Standardization

44
Q

How well your assessment tells you what will happen in the future.

A

Predictive validity

45
Q

Lessen negative effect.

A

Inter-rater Reliability

46
Q

Application of certain standards to ensure consistency across different measurements; uniform; lessen biases.

A

Standardization

47
Q

Core of most clinical work; gathers info on current and past behavior, attitudes, and emotion, as we as a detailed history of the individual’s life in general and of presenting problems.

A

Clinical Interview

48
Q

Involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior.

A

Mental Status Examination (MSE)

49
Q

5 categories of MSE.

A

Physical appearance & behavior
Thought process
Mood & Affect
Intellectual Functioning
Sensorium

50
Q

Rate or flow of speech.

A

Thought Process

51
Q

Disorganized speech pattern.

A

Loose association/ Derailment

52
Q

Object or event is present but is actually absent.

A

Hallucination

53
Q

Seeing something but with a different perspective.

A

Illusion

54
Q

Beliefs with no basis/ factual evidence; distorted view of reality.

A

Delusion

55
Q

A person thinks people are after him and out to get him all the time.

A

Persecutory delusion

56
Q

An individual thinks they’re all-powerful in some ways.

A

Grandeur delusion

57
Q

Everything everyone else does somehow relates back to them.

A

Ideas of reference

58
Q

3 types of delusion.

A

Persecutory delusion
Grandeur delusion
Ideas of reference

59
Q

General awareness of surrounding.

A

Sensorium

Abnormal Psychology (23 decks)

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