Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

is the substance of living and nonliving objects

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

is the mover of the substance - the ability to do work

Question 3

Electrical Energy

Answer 3

form of energy used to transmit messages from one part of the body to another

Question 4

Potential Energy

Answer 4

type of energy available when we are still

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

type of energy available when we are exercising

Question 6

What happens when energy changes from one form to another in the body?

Answer 6

Every time energy changes from one form to another, some heat is given off to the enviroment (is lost) and is unsable.

Question 7

Which four elements make up the bulk of living matter?

Answer 7

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen

Question 8

How is an atom related to an element?

Answer 8

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the element’s properties

Question 9

Atomic number

Answer 9

number of protons its atoms contain. unique number.

Question 10

Atomic mass number

Answer 10

sum of the masses of all the protons and neutrons contained in its nucleus

Question 11

Radioisotope

Answer 11

name given to an unstable atom that has either more or fewer neutrons than its typical number

Question 12

Molecule

Answer 12

two or more atoms chemically bound together

Question 13

Molecule of an element vs. molecule of a compound

Answer 13

A molecule of an element is a chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same kind. In a molecule of a compound, the atoms differ.

Question 14

Ionic bonds vs. Covalent bonds

Answer 14

In ionic bonds, electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. In covalent bonds, the interacting atoms share one or more electron pairs.

Question 15

What kind of bond forms between water molecules?

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Example of decompistion reaction

Answer 16

this reaction occurs when fats are digested in the small intestine

Question 17

How can you indicate that a chemical reaction is reversible

Answer 17

shown by double reaction arrows

Question 18

what property of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature?

Answer 18

the high heat capacity of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature

Question 19

Which is a proton donor - an acid or a base?

Answer 19

Acids are proton donors

Question 20

Is a pH of 11 acidic or basic?

Answer 20

a pH of 11 is basic. 7 is pH midpoint. solutions with a pH lower than 7 are acidic

Question 21

Bases

Answer 21

are proton acceptors

Question 22

why is biochemistry considered “wet” chemistry

Answer 22

all chemical reactions in the body take place in a watery environment

Question 23

salts are electrolytes means

Answer 23

salts conduct an electrical current when dissolved in water

Question 24

monosaccharides

Answer 24

structural units of carbohydrates

Question 25

fatty acids

Answer 25

structural units of lipids

Question 26

Phospholipids

Answer 26

are the most abundant lipids in cellular membranes

Question 27

dehydration synthesis

Answer 27

formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 28

primary structure of proteins

Answer 28

a chain of camino acids

Question 29

fibrous proteins

Answer 29

more important for building body structures than globular proteins

Question 30

How does an enzyme recognize its substrate(s)?

Answer 30

the enzyme is able to bind with its substrate(s)

Question 31

DNA vs. RNA (kinds of bases and sugars they contain)

Answer 31

DNA contains the bases A, T, G and C and the sugar deoxyribose. RNA contains the bases A, G, C, and U, and its sugar is ribose.

Question 32

what is the vital imporantce of ATP to body cells?

Answer 32

ATP is the immediately useful form of energy for all body cells

Question 33

Atomic nucleus

Answer 33

contains the mass of the atom // particles can be ejected // contains partciles that determine atomic number

Question 34

element and number of calence-shell electrons. Oxygen, Phosphorus, Carbon

Answer 34

Oxygen-6, Phosphorus-5, Carbon-4

Question 35

Important functions of water include

Answer 35

(1)provides cushioning (2)acts as a transport medium (3)participates in chemical reactions (4)acts as a solvent for sugars, salts, and other solutes (5)reduces temperature fluctuations

Question 36

Alkaline substances include

Answer 36

blood & ammonia

Question 37

Clucose is to starch as

Answer 37

(1)a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid OR (2)an amino acid is to a protein

Question 38

Triglyceride

Answer 38

lipid type that is stored in fat deposits beneath the skin

Question 39

Absence of the following nitrogen containing bases would prevent protein synthesis

Answer 39

Triglyceride, Steroid, Vitamin D, Phospolipid, Prostaglandin

Question 40

ATP is associated with

Answer 40

a basic nucleotide structure, high-energy phosphate bonds, inorganic phopsphate, reversible reactions

Question 41

Iodine

Answer 41

the element essential for normal thyroid function

Question 42

factors that increase the speed of chemical reactions

Answer 42

increasing the temperature, increasing the concentration of the reactants, catalysts