Exam 2 - Module 7 - Lesson Answers

Question 1

CNS

Answer 1

central nervous system

Question 2

PNS

Answer 2

peripheral nervous system

Question 3

ANS

Answer 3

autonomic nervous system

Question 4

voluntary nervous system

Answer 4

somatic nervous system, it stimulates the contraction of the skeletal muscles

Question 5

involuntary nervous system

Answer 5

autonomic nervous system (ANS). it stimulates the the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle(heart), and glands(sweat glands)

Question 6

enteric nervous system

Answer 6

ENS is located in the digestive tract. responsible for digestive functions that occur independently of the brain and spinal cord

Question 7

nuclei and ganglia

Answer 7

are composed of neuron cell bodies

Question 8

tracts and nerves

Answer 8

are composed of axons (fibers)

Question 9

nuclei and tracts

Answer 9

are located in the CNS central nervous system

Question 10

ganglia and nerves

Answer 10

located in the PNS peripheral nervous systems

Question 11

electrical impulses toward the neuron cell body

Answer 11

via dendrites

Question 12

electrical impulses away from the neuron cell body

Answer 12

via the axon

Question 13

afferent direction

Answer 13

toward the neuron = peripheral PNS to central CNS

sensation on skin

Question 14

efferent direction

Answer 14

away from the neuron = CNS to peripheral PNS

brain sends signal to nerve to contract

Question 15

three types of neurons

Answer 15

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Question 16

unipolar neurons

Answer 16

have one process (fiber)

Question 17

multipolar neurons

Answer 17

most common type, many processes, only one axon

Question 18

bipolar neurons

Answer 18

(2 processes) occur in the retina of the eye

Question 19

sensory neurons

Answer 19

unipolar

carry electrical impulses in the afferent direction

Question 20

motor neurons

Answer 20

multipolar / carry electrical impulses in the efferent direction

Question 21

interneurons

Answer 21

occur entirely within the CNS and are usually mutipolar

Question 22

type of cell that makes up the myelin sheath

Answer 22

schwann cells are wrapped around axons to form myelin sheaths

Question 23

node of ranvier

Answer 23

areas of myelinated axon lacking a myelin sheath

Question 24

what does multiple sclerosis (MS) target

Answer 24

targets the myelin sheaths of axons

Question 25

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 25

constantly moves sodium (Na+) out of the cell while at the same time moving potassium (K+) into the cell. thus there is a high concentration of sodium on the outside of the cell and a high concentration of potassium on the inside (sodium wants in and potassium wants out)

Question 26

voltage-gated channels

Answer 26

once opened, allow the rapid movement of the ions to the area where they want to go

Question 27

leak channels

Answer 27

allow some of the sodium to move back into the cell and some of the potassium to leak back out

Question 28

Sodium potassium pump AND leak channels

Answer 28

maintan the resting membrane potential. during this period, all voltage gated sodium and potassium channels are closed

Question 29

At what voltage does resting membrane potential in a nerve cell typically occur

Answer 29

resting membrane potential is measured at -70 mV

Question 30

What voltage is the threshold

Answer 30

threshold is at -55 mV

Question 31

action potential

Answer 31

At threshold, many voltage-gated sodium channels rapidly open, leading to a large influx of sodium into the cell, resulting in depolarization (shown on a graph as the upswing of the curve).

Question 32

Is the top of the action potential curve a positive or negative voltage?

Answer 32

The top of the action potential curve (in a graph) is at about +30 mV

Question 33

What voltage would be considered hyperpolarized

Answer 33

As the cell repolarizes during the downswing it overshoots the resting membrane potential of -70 mV to reach about -90 mV, which means that the cell is now hyperpolarized.

Question 34

In terms of voltage-gated channels and polarization, what occurs during the upswing of the action potential curve?

Answer 34

During the upswing, the voltage-gated sodium channels are open causing a rapid influx of sodium into the cell, and thus depolarization.

Question 35

In terms of voltage-gated channels and polarization, what occurs during the downswing of the action potential curve?

Answer 35

During the downswing, the voltage-gated potassium channels are open causing a rapid influx of potassium into the cell, and thus repolarization

Question 36

Which ion causes depolarization of the nerve cell?

Answer 36

Sodium (Na+) causes depolarization by moving into the nerve cell via voltage-gated channels

Question 37

Which leads to repolarization

Answer 37

Potassium (K+) leads to repolarization by moving out of the cell via voltage-gated channels

Question 38

4 lobes of the cerebrum

Answer 38

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 39

lobe involved in receiving and integrating visual input

Answer 39

occipital lobe

Question 40

lobe involved with auditory

Answer 40

temporal lobe

Question 41

lobe involved with executing movement

Answer 41

frontal lobe

Question 42

lobe involved with receiving somatic sensory input

Answer 42

parietal lobe

Question 43

lobe that contain's broca's area

Answer 43

frontal lobe

Question 44

two lobes that contain wernicke's area

Answer 44

parietal and temporal

Question 45

broca's area

Answer 45

manages speech production (frontal lobe)

Question 46

wernicke's area

Answer 46

manages understanding of speech (parietal and temporal)

Question 47

two major structures found in the diencephalon

Answer 47

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 48

three regions of the brain stem

Answer 48

midbrain (most superior), pons (middle), medulla (most inferior)

Question 49

gray matter of the spinal corn horns

Answer 49

always contains neuron cell bodies

Question 50

white matter

Answer 50

always contains axons (fibers) tracts

Question 51

name of the connective tissue layer surrounding an individual fascicle of a nerve

Answer 51

perineurium

Question 52

which type of neuron is found in the anterior ventral root of the spinal corl

Answer 52

motor neuron

Question 53

which type of neuron is found in the posterior root of the spinal cord

Answer 53

sensory neuron

Question 54

What is found in the dorsal root ganglion

Answer 54

neuron cell body of the sensory neuron

Question 55

What effects does the sympathetic division have on heart rate, breathing rate, and the pupils of the eyes? Do you think that it would promote or inhibit digestion

Answer 55

increased heart and breathing rates; dilation of the pupils (making them bigger); inhibition of digestion

Question 56

What effects does the parasympathetic division have on heart rate, breathing rate, and the pupils of the eyes? Does it promote or inhibit digestion?

Answer 56

decreased heart and breathing rate; constriction of pupils (making them smaller); promotion of digestion

Question 57

Testing for neurological function involves a series of tests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. What functions, and therefore which nerves, are being tested by asking a patient to follow the tip of a pen with their eyes?

Answer 57

The contraction of extraocular muscles is being tested, which is the function of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves.