Chapter 2- Basic Concepts and Principles

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Interaction between organism and its environment which includes its own body.

Question 2

Response

Answer 2

Specific instance of a bx.

Question 3

Response Topography

Answer 3

Physical shape or form of the behavior. Can be useful but different shapes or form of the behavior could produce the same effect on environment.

Question 4

Response Class

Answer 4

Group of responses that serve the same function.

Question 5

Repertoire

Answer 5

1. All the bxs a person can do

2. Person’s collection of knowledge and skills relevant to particular settings or tasks

Question 6

Environment

Answer 6

Full set of physical circumstances in which the organism exists.

Question 7

Stimulus

Answer 7

Any change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Question 8

Types of Receptor Cells

Answer 8

Exteroceptors (think the five senses), Interceptors (detect change within), and Proprioceptors (movement and balance).

Question 9

How can stimuli be described?

Answer 9

1. Formally- physical features
2. Temporally- when they occur
3. Functionally- their effect on the bx

Question 10

Respondent Behavior

Answer 10

Reflexes, a product of evolution because of its importance to the survival of the species.

Question 11

Respondent Behavior- Elicited or Evoked?

Answer 11

Elicited! Rarely change throughout lifetime.

Question 12

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 12

Formally neutral stimuli can acquire the ability to elicit reflex.

Question 13

Respondent Extinction

Answer 13

Conditioned reflex can be weakened and cease altogether if the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 14

Conditioned reflexes can be established by stim-stim pairing of a neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus.

Question 15

Operant Behavior

Answer 15

Any behavior determined primarily by its history of consequences.

Question 16

Topography and function of operant behavior are predetermined like respondent behavior. True or false?

Answer 16

False.

Question 17

Selectionism

Answer 17

A theory that all forms of life naturally evolve as a reaction between function and the value of that function.

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

Process and selection effects of consequences on behavior.

Question 19

_ increases the future likelihood of the behavior, while _ decreases the future likelihood of the behavior.

Answer 19

Reinforcement; Punishment

Question 20

_ are strengthened or weakened by operant conditioning.

Answer 20

Response classes

Question 21

_ adds a stimulus after the target behavior, while _ removes a stimulus after the target behavior.

Answer 21

Positive; Negative

Question 22

Unconditioned Reinforcement and Punishment

Answer 22

No prior learning history with the stimuli. Events that function as either of these are the product of evolution.

Question 23

Conditioned Reinforcement and Punishment

Answer 23

Stimuli that function as either of these are because of prior pairing, not biological need.

Question 24

Discriminated Operant

Answer 24

A behavior that occurs more often under some antecedent conditions than it does in others. Shows stimulus control.

Question 25

3-Term Contingency

Answer 25

Basic unit of analysis of operant behavior. Antecedent, behavior, consequence.

Question 26

Contingency

Answer 26

The dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the behavior.

Question 27

Contingency- Shaped Behavior

Answer 27

Requires direct experience with consequence.

Question 28

Rule-Governed Behavior

Answer 28

Does not require experience with the consequence.

Question 29

Contingency Adduction

Answer 29

Rapid learning where a bx was initially selected and shaped under one set of conditions is recruited by a different set of contingencies and takes on new function. Ex. math

Question 30

Joint Control

Answer 30

Combining two separate but related forms of verbal behavior to acquire stimulus control of a response. Ex. Trying to remember a person's name- Saying it over in your head and typing it in your phone.

Question 31

Algebraic Summation

Answer 31

Competing contingencies in behavior. Ex. Listening to music while studying, doesn't finish all of reading homework.

Question 32

History of Reinforcement

Answer 32

Every person arrives at a different repertoire in a given situation due to different experiences.