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Chapter 2: Basic Exercise Science Flashcards

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1
Q

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system.

A

Human Movement System

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2
Q

Billions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication network within the human body

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

The Ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment

A

.Sensory Function

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4
Q

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produces the appropriate response.

A

Integrative function

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5
Q

The neuromuscular response to the sensory info

A

.Motor Function

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6
Q

Proprioception

A

The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement.

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7
Q

Neuron

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

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8
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

Muscles or organs –> Brain or spinal cord

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9
Q

Interneurons

A

Neuron –> Neuron

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10
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

Brain or Spinal Cord –> Muscles or Organs

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11
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

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13
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues, (touch, taste)

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14
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change

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15
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscle and the rate of that change

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16
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Receptor surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration. and deceleration of the joint

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17
Q

Skeletal System

A

The body’s framework, composed of bones and joints

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18
Q

Bones

A

Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

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19
Q

Joints

A

Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissues at which movement occurs AKA an articulation

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20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

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21
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Upper & Lower extremities, Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

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22
Q

Remodeling

A

The process of resorption and formation of bones

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23
Q

Osteoclasts

A

bone cell that removes bone tissue

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Type of cell that is responsible for bone formation

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25
Epiphysis
End of long bones, mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also on of the primary sites for bone growth
26
Diaphysis
The shaft portion of a long bone
27
Epipyseal Plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs
28
Periosteum
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone, except that of the articulation surfaces in joints, which are covered by synovial membrane
29
Medullar Cavity
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
30
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
31
Depressions
Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be a muscle attachment sites
32
Processes
Projection protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
33
Vertebral Column
A sense of irregularly shaped bones called vertebra that houses the spinal cord
34
Arthrokinematics
Joint motion
35
Synovial Joints
Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body
36
Nonsynovial Joints
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
37
Ligament
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
38
Muscular System
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
39
Epimysium
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
40
Perimysium
The connective tissue that surrounds fasicicles
41
Endomysium
The deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers
42
Tendons
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
43
Sarcomere
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
44
Neural Activation
The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
45
Motor Unit
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
46
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
47
What are the 3 Primary Functions of the Nervous System?
Sensory, Integrative, Motor
48
What are the responsibilities of the Nervous System?
Recruitment of muscles, learned pattern of movements, Functioning of organs in the body
49
What does training proprioceptive abilities improve?
Balance, Posture, Coordination, Ability to adapt
50
What are the 3 main parts of a Neuron?
Cell body, Axon, dendrites
51
What are the major components of the nervous system?
Sensory (afferent) neurons, Motor (efferent) neurons, interneurons
52
When excited, what does the muscle spindle cause the muscle to do?
Contract to prevent the muscle from stretching too far or too fast
53
When excited, what does the GTO cause the muscle to do?
Relax in order to prevent the muscle from being placed under excessive stress.
54
What are the 5 major types of Bones?
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
55
What are the characteristics of long bones? Give an example.
long body w/irregular or widened bony ends. Femur
56
What are the characteristics of short bones? Give an example.
Similar in length & width, cubical in shape and somewhat spongy tissue. Carpals of the hands
57
What are the characteristics of sesamoid bones? Give an example.
small, round bones embedded in the joint capsule or in locations where tendons pass over a joint. Patella
58
What are the characteristics of irregular bones. Give an example.
bones of unique shape or function. Vertebrae
59
What are the characteristics of flat bones? Give an example.
Thin bones comprising of two layers of compact bone tissue surrounding a layer of spongy bone tissue. Scapula
60
What are the 3 typical joint motions?
Roll, slide, spin
61
What is the outer layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?
Fascia and Epimysium
62
What is the middle layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?
Fascicle and perimysium
63
What is the inner layer of the skeletal muscle composed of?
Muscle fibers and Endomysium
64
What is a muscle fiber encased by?
Sarcolemma
65
What does Sarcolemma contain?
Sarcoplasm and myofibrils
66
What is Sarcoplasm contained of?
Glycogen. Fats, minerals, and oxygen-binding myoglobin. And nuclei & mitochondria
67
What are the two types of filaments in myofibrils?
Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick)
68
What is Tropomyosin?
Keeps myosin from attaching to actin when muscle is relaxed.
69
What is Troponin?
Provides bindin sites for calcium and tropomyosin when muscle needs to contract.
70
Sliding Filament Theory
1. Neural activation 2. Thick & Thin filaments slide past one another 3. Entire length of sacomere is shortened which enables the muscle to generate force
71
Agonist
Prime mover; most responsible for movement
72
Synergist
Assist prime movers
73
Stabalizer
supports or stabilizes the body while the prime movers and synergists perform the movement
74
Antogonist
perform the opposite action of the prime mover
75
Levels significantly increase under times of stress to maintain an energy supply
Cortisol
76
Stimulates "fight or flight" response
Epinepherine and norepinerphrine
77
Regulates satiety (feeling of fullness)
Hypothalamus
78
Maintains steady glucose levels in the blood
Pancreas
79
Plays a fundamental role in growth and repair of tissue
Testosterone
80
Is primarily an anabolic hormone that is responsible for most of the growth and development during childhood
Growth hormone
81
What is the master gland of the Endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
82
Which lobe of the Pituitary gland contains the growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH, thyroid TSH, Follicle FSH, and IH
Anterior
83
Which lobe of the Pituitary gland contains the Melanocyte- stimulating hormone?
Intermidiate
84
Which lobe of the Pituitary glandcontainse the antidiuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin?
Posterior
85
Releases hormones responsible for metabolism
Thyroid gland
86
Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, sensitivity to cold, weight gain are conditions
Low Thyroid Function
87
Secretes hormone in response to stress?
Adrenal glands

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