Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Science > Chapter 2 Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Bio Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what does the cell theory state?

A
  1. All things are made up of one or more cells and their products.
  2. The cell is a simplest unit that can carry out all life’s processes.
  3. All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

prokaryote

A

A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles (i.e./bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles each surrounded by a thin membrane (more complex cells, IE/humans) larger than prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

organelle

A

A cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, the material in the nucleus of a cell that contains all of the cells genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleus

A

Brain of the cell, directs activity, contains DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

nuclear membrane

A

Protects DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance that holds organelles in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what gets in and out of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chloroplast/chlorophyll

A

convert sunlight plus CO2 plus H2O into glucose +02 (photosynthesis), only in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vacuole

A

contains water, plant cells have one large vacuole, and animal cells have many smaller vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, create ADP/ATP energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Golgi bodies

A

stores chemicals, secrete mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesize enzymes and facilitates transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make proteins, rough ER contains attached ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cell wall

A

structure/supportive plant, made of cellulose, only in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three reasons for cell division?

A
  1. For reproduction
    - to create life
  2. For growth
    - as a multicellular organism grows its number of cells also increase; the process of diffusion in a cell must happen quickly enough for cells to function, which is why cells divide instead of simply growing larger
  3. For repair
    - One part of an organism is damaged the remaining cells divide to repair the injury, such as cells dividing to heal a broken bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

The process of producing offspring from only one parent; the production of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

The process of producing offspring by the fusion of two gametes; the production of offspring that have genetic information from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diffusion

A

A transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the cell, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (gas is like CO2/02)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane toward an area of high salute, concentration (fluids like H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do cells obtain necessary materials for life processes?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The three stages (interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis) through which cell passes as a grow and divide; the initial cell is called the parent cell and the two identical cells (containing the same DNA) are called daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Interphase

A

The longest phase for most cells, during which the cell performs is normal functions and its genetic material in long invisible strands is copied and preparation for subdivision.

G1: growth and repair (DNA)
S: DNA replication
G2: secondary growth
G0: cell says and interphase and never divides (ie/ nerve cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mitosis
The stage of the cell cycle in which the DNA in the nucleus is divided; the first part of cell division (a complete set of DNA collects that either end of the cell)
26
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis were the long strands of DNA are condensed/compacted, the chromosomes become visible, and the nuclear membrane dissolves chromosome shorten thick and become visible and centrioles appear
27
metaphase
The second stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes lineup in the middle of the cell Centrioles align at the polls and spindle fibres attach from centrioles to centromere
28
Anaphase
The third stage of mitosis in which the centromere splits and sister chromatids separate into daughter chromosomes, and each move towards opposite ends of the cell chromosomes are pulled apart towards poles and two new sets of sister chromatids are formed
29
telophase
The final stage of mitosis in which the daughter chromosome stretch out, become thin, and are no longer visible, the chromosomes unwind and a nuclear membrane reforms around the chromosomes (sister chromatids) at each end of the cell (gives appearance of two nuclei)
30
cytokinesis
The stage in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides deformed two identical daughter cells (become independent); the final part of cell division Animal cells pinch together to divide and plant cells build a cell wall to divide
31
Chromosome
A long piece of coiled, DNA and proteins as a structure in the cell nucleus made up of a portion of the cells DNA condensed into a structure that is visible under a light microscope
32
Chromatid
One of two identical, strands of DNA that makeup a chromosome
33
centromere
The structure that holds chromatids together as chromosomes
34
what are checkpoints in the cell cycle? A cell should not divide if….
- signals from surrounding cells tell the cell not to divide - there are not enough nutrients to provide for cell growth - the DNA within the nucleus has not been replicated - the DNA is damaged
35
how many chromosomes and chromatids do humans have?
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and 46 in total
36
A cell state in interphase until
- there is a need for new cells - the DNA is repaired - the DNA is replicated - there is enough nutrients - there is enough space (surrounding cells tell this)
37
Cancer
A broad group of diseases that results in uncontrollable cell division it results from a change in the DNA that controls the cell cycle and it prevents the cell from staying in interphase for the normal time cancer cells continue to divide despite signals saying not to
38
Tumour
A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body
39
Benign tumour
A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues, other than by physically crowding them
40
Malignant tumour
A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour
41
Metastasis
The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original primary tumour and establishing another secondary tumour elsewhere in the body
42
Mutation
A random change in the DNA, and these changes may result in the death of the cell or allow the cell to survive and continue to grow and divide
43
Carcinogens
any environmental factor that causes cancer such as tobacco smoke, radiation such as x-rays or UV from the sun, some viruses like HEV and hepatitis B, and harmful plastics
44
Is cancer inherited or is it caught?
Cancer can be inherited genetically with DNA passed down from generations, but it cannot be caught
45
what is one of the most common types of cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in Canadians over 40 and smoking currently causes 9/10 lung cancer, and tobacco can cause even more cancer than that
46
Cancer screening
Checking for cancer, even if there are no symptoms, which is especially important if cancer runs in the family
47
Pap test
A test that involves taking a sample of cervical cells to determine if they’re growing abnormally
48
ABCD of moles
when checking moles, check for asymmetry, border, colour, and diameter
49
How to reduce risk of cancer
Keep a good diet, stay healthy, and avoid carcinogens
50
What are some imaging tech technologies?
endoscopy, x-ray, ultrasound, CT scanning They are used to identify abnormalities and diagnose cancer
51
What is a biopsy?
A method of diagnosis in which a sample of cells are surgically removed and examined under a microscope
52
What are the main treatment methods for cancer?
- surgery: physically removing the cancerous tissue - chemotherapy: treat cancer using drugs - radiation: damages cells DNA so that they cannot divide - biophotonics: the technology of using light energy to diagnose, monitor and treat living cells/organisms
53
Specialized cell
A cell that can perform a specific function, have structures that allow them to perform functions, and all multicellular organisms are made mostly of these cells (jobs include energy, transportation, ways, disposal, and more)
54
Examples of specialized animal cells
- Red blood cells - Skin cell - bone cells - muscle cells - white blood cells - sperm cells - fat cells - Nerve cells
55
examples of specialized plant cells
- Storage cells - Photosynthetic cells - Epidermal cells - Guard cells - cells that transport water, dissolved, minerals, and dissolved sugars throughout the plant
56
Cell growth and repair
- multicellular organisms are made up of different cells and they undergo growth and cell division at different rates - Nerve cells do not divide once they mature, intestine cells divide every three days - cells that are likely to be damaged will be replaced more often - and plants growth occurs rapidly in the maristem region (12-36 hours)
57
Factors that affect mitosis
living organisms, responsible as ages in the environment - altitude causes more division of blood cells - plants be toward light because the cells on the opposite sides of the light divide faster - antibiotic can contemporarily stop the replication of DNA
58
Necrosis vs apoptosis
Necrosis is unnatural cell death caused by environmental factors (i.e./injury or lack of blood flow) Apoptosis is natural and regulated cell death as part of development or when damaged beyond repair (i.e./cells produced to fight infections die in a controlled way when they are no longer needed)
59
Angiogenesis
When a tumour grows larger and it begins to release proteins from the cell to attract new blood vessel growth
60
Unusual features of cancer cells
- cancer cells are frequently “immortal”; whereas normal cells divide about 50 times and then they die, cancer cells can go on dividing indefinitely, if supplied with nutrients - cancer cells often have unusual numbers of chromosomes or mutations in chromosomes - they may have an abnormal cell surface (instead of sticking to its neighbouring cells cancer cells tend to round up and break attachments. It’s neighbouring cells, allowing metastasis)
61
What are the three types of known carcinogens?
1. Viruses 2. Radiation 3. Hazardous chemical
62
Normal cells versus cancer cells
normal cell - make exact copies of themselves through mitosis - reproduce about 50 to 60 divisions - stick together to form masses of cells as appropriate - self-destruct when too old or too damaged cancer cells - make exact copies of themselves through mitosis - do not stop reproducing (immortal) - do not stick together - may move to another location of the body - often have unusual numbers of chromosomes or mutations
63
What are organelles functions
- intake of nutrients - exchange of gases - movement - waste removal - growth - reproduction - response to stimuli
64
How many cells in the human body?
Our bodies are made up with between 10 trillion and 100 trillion cells
65
When was the microscope invented?
The mid 1600s, when the first cell was described by Robert Hooke
66
hydrophobic versus hydrophilic
Hydrophobic: keeps water out Hydrophilic: likes water (the phospholipid bilayer regulates the exchange of substances and communicate with other cell membranes) 

Science (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions