Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Baron's AP Biology Terms > Chapter 2: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

subatomic particles

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

ground state

A

electrons are in the lowest available energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

excited state

A

electrons are in higher energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

isotopes

A

vary in number of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

half-life

A

amount of time for half of an isoptope to decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tracer

A

used to trace the path of specified molecule in metabolic pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

properties of water

A

highly polar, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent, strong cohesion, capillary action, surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

transpirational-pull cohesion tension

A

as one molecule of water is lost from a leaf by transpiration, another molecule is drawn up from roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ice being less dense than water leads to…

A
  1. ice freezes: insulation of bodies of water
  2. ice melts: sinks to bottome of lake, bringing oxygen to depths and nutrients released by bacteria during winter to the surfce
    a. spring overturn: cycling of nutrients through a lake
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

buffer

A

regulates the pH of biological systems by resisting change to pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

isomers

A

same molecular fromula but different structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

structural isomers

A

differ in the arrangement of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cis-trans isomers

A

differ in arrangement around double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

entaniomers

A

molecules that are mirror images of each other
important in the pharmaceutical industry
left-handed: L-version
right-handed: D-version

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

carbohydrates

A 
fuel for body and building materials
C,H,O
hydrogen to oxygen ratio-- 2:1
monomer: monosaccharide 
polymer: polysaccharide, disaccharide
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

joining of molecules by releasing a molecule of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hydrolysis

A

breakdown of compound by adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

plants: cellulose
animals: chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

plants: starch
animals: glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

lipids

A
  • hydrophobic compound that consists of 1 glycerol (alcohol) and 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at the end)
  • includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids
  • C,H,O,N
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

saturated lipid

A
  • maximum number of H
  • no double bonds between C
  • solid at room temperature (butter)
24
Q

unsaturated lipid

A
  • doesn’t have maximum number of H
  • double bonds between C
  • liquid at room temperature (olive oil)
25
steroids
- lipids consisting of four fused rings | - cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol
26
function of lipids
- energy storage - structural: phospholipids (glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group), cholesterol in plasma membrane - endocrine: some steroids are hormones
27
phospholipids
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head, forms plasma membrane
28
proteins
- growth and repair - signaling from one cell to another - regulation through hormones - enzymatic activity - movement (actin and myosin protein fibers in muscle contractions) - C,H,O,N,P,S - monomer: amino acid - polymer: polypeptide (amino acids joined by peptide bonds), dipeptide - carboxyl, amine , R group
29
protein conformation
shape of protein
30
primary stucture
linear sequence of amino acids
31
secondary structure
- polypeptide coils or folds into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonding within molecule - proteins with secondary structure are fibrous proteins
32
tertiary structure
- intricate 3-D shape that determines the molecules specificity - caused by hydrogen bonding, van der waals forces, disulfide bonds between amino acids, ionic bonding hydrophobic interactions
33
quaternary structure
- proteins with more than one polypeptide chain | - hemoglobin
34
denaturation
a protein's loss of shape due to high pH, high temperature, and high concentration of salt
35
chaperonins (chaperone proteins)
assist in the folding of other proteins
36
prions
- misfolded proteins | - can cause Mad Cow Disease, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's
37
X-ray crystallography
- scientific method of determining the precise positions/arrangements of atoms in a crystal where beams of X-ray strikes a crystal and causes the beam of light to diffract - technique for structure determination of proteins and biological macromolecules
38
bioinformatics
- uses computers and math to integrate data from amino acid sequence - technique for structure determination of proteins and biological macromolecules
39
nucleic acids
-polymer for DNA and RNA (encode hereditary info)
40
nucleotide
- RNA and DNA monomer - phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil) - C,H,O,N,P
41
exergonic
energy is released
42
endergonic
energy is absorbed
43
metabolism
sum of chemical reactions that take place in cells
44
catabolism
break down molecules
45
anabolism
build up molecules
46
pathways
- series of metabolic reactions with a specific function | - controlled by enzymes, allowing for efficiency
47
enzymes
- catalytic proteins that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy required - don't provide energy for a reaction or cause a reaction
48
transition state
reactive (unstable) condition of substrate after sufficient energy has been absorbed to initiate the reaction
49
characteristics of enzymes
- globular (spherical) proteins with tertiary structure - substrate-specific - induced-fit model: wen substrate enters the active site, it causes the enzyme to change its shape to fit substrate better - enzyme binds to substrate, causing enzyme-substrate complex - enzymes are not destroyed, but reused - enzyme name: substrate followed by "--ase" - catalyze reactions in both directions - assisted by cofactors (inorganic) or coenzymes (vitamins)
50
control of enzymatic activity
- switch on/off genes that code for enzymes | - noncompetitive and competitive inhibition
51
competitive inhibition
- competitive inhibitors mimic substrate molecules and compete for the active site, therefore reducing productivity of enzyme - overcome by increasing the concentration of substrate - can be reversible or non-reversible
52
noncompetitive inhibition
noncompetitive inhibitors, or allosteric regulators, bind to an alternate site distinct from the active site of an enzyme, inhibiting enzyme from catalyzing substrate into product
53
allosteric
- change in shape alters efficiency | - allosteric enzymes switch between active shape and inactive shape
54
feedback inhibition
end product of the pathway is the allosteric inhibitor for an enzyme that catalyzed an earlier step in the pathway
55
cooperativity
- type of allosteric activation - binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit of the enzyme causes a change in the whole molecule that locks all subunits into active position

Baron's AP Biology Terms (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions