Chapter 2 [Body Organization] Terms Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
The major body structural levels from smallest to largest are:
A
cells
tissues
organs
systems
body
2
Q
is the fundamental unit of all living things.
A
cell
3
Q
No matter the difference at some point during their life cycle, all cells have what
A
cytoplasm
nucleus
cell membrane
4
Q
is the study of tissue.
A
Histology
5
Q
cells group together and function together to perform a specific activity, they form
A
tissue
6
Q
the four types of tissue in the body
A
muscular tissue
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
7
Q
Muscular tissue produces movement in the body through contraction, or shortening in length, and is composed of individual muscle cells called
A
muscle fibers
8
Q
three basic types of muscles:
A
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle.
9
Q
form the covering for and lining of body structures
absorb and secrete substances
excrete wastes
A
epithelium
10
Q
provides structural support for the whole body.
A
bone
11
Q
the shock absorber in joints.
A
cartilage
12
Q
tightly connect skeletal muscles to bones.
A
tendons
13
Q
provides protective padding around body structures
A
Adipose
14
Q
what is connective tissue
A
adipose
bone
cartilage
tendons
15
Q
Nervous tissue is made up of cells called
A
neurons
16
Q
allowing for the conduction of electrical impulses to send information between
the brain and the rest of the body.
A
nerves
17
Q
nervous tissue has
A
brain
nerves
neurons
spinal cord
18
Q
different types of tissue that work as a unit to perform special functions
A
organs
19
Q
several organs working in a coordinated manner to perform a complex function comprise what?
A
a system
20
Q
forms protective two way barrier aids in temperature regulation
A
Integumentary System
21
Q
Skeleton supports and protects body
forms blood cells, and stores mineral
muscles produce movement
A
Musculoskeletal System (MS)
22
Q
Pumps blood throughout entire body to
transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
A
Cardiovascular System (CV)
23
Q
Transports oxygen protects against
pathogens, and controls bleeding
A
blood [Hematic System]
24
Q
Protects body from disease and
invasion from pathogens
A
Lymphatic System
25
Obtains oxygen from the environment
and removes carbon dioxide from
the body
Respiratory System
26
these structures are in what system?
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Integumentary System
27
these structures are in what system?
Bones
Joints
Muscles
Musculoskeletal
System (MS)
28
these structures are in what system?
* Heart
* Arteries
* Veins
Cardiovascular System (CV)
29
these structures are in what system?
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
blood [Hematic System]
30
these structures are in what system?
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Thymus gland
Tonsils
Lymphatic System
31
these structures are in what system?
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
Lungs
Respiratory System
32
ingests, digest, and absorbs nutrients for the body
Digestive or Gastrointestinal (G)
System
33
filters waste products out of blood and removes them from body
Urinary System
34
Produces eggs for reproduction
provides place for growing bad,
nourishes infant
Female Reproductive System
35
Produces sperm for reproduction
Male Reproductive System
36
Regulates metabolic activities of
the body
Endocrine System
37
Receives sensory information and
coordinates body's response
Nervous System
38
sensory organ that converts light into electrical impulses allowing for vision
ophthalmology
39
Sensory organ with dual purpose
converts sound waves into electrical
impulses allowing for hearing, and
maintains body's sense of balance
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
40
these structures are in what system?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Salivary glands
Digestive or Gastrointestinal (G)
System
41
these structures are in what system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Urinary System
42
these structures are in what system?
Ovarias
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Vulva
Breasts
Female Reproductive System
43
these structures are in what system?
Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Penis
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
gland
Male Reproductive System
44
these structures are in what system?
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Endocrine System
45
these structures are in what system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Nervous System
46
these structures are in what system?
eyes
opthalmolgy
47
these structures are in what system?
ears
otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
48
is used when describing the postions and relationships of structures in the human body.
anatomical position
49
a body in the anatomical position is what?
standing erect, gazing straight ahead, arms down at sides,
palms facing forward, fingers
extended,
legs together
toes pointing forward`
50
runs lengthwise from front to back and
divides the body, or any of its parts, into right and left portions. The right
and left sides do not have to be equal.
Sagittal plane
51
if the sagittal plane passes through the middle of the body, into two right and left halves it is called a
midsigittal or median plane
52
A cut along the sagittal plane yields a
Sagittal section
53
divides the body into front and back
portions; a vertical, lengthwise plane is running from side to side:
Frontal plane or coronal plane
54
a cut along the frontal plane yields what?
Frontal or coronal section
55
is a crosswise plane that
runs parallel to the ground. This imaginary cut would divide the body, or
its parts, into upper and lower portions.
transverse or horizontal plane
56
A cut along the transverse plane
yields a
transverse section
57
are frequently used to describe
internal views of structures.
cross-section and longitudinal section
58
A lengthwise slice along the long axis of a structure produces a
longitudinal section.
59
A slice perpendicular to the long axis of
structure produces a
cross-section view
60
abdomen; on anterior side of trunk
abdominal region
61
Upper extremities
brachial region
62
Head
cephalic region
63
Neck; connects head to trunk
cervical region
64
Lower extremities (LE) or legs
crural region
65
Back; on posterior side of trunk
dorsum region
66
Buttocks; on posterior side of trunk
gluteal region
67
Pelvis; on anterior side of trunk
pelvic region
68
Region containing external genitals; on anterior side of trunk
pubic region
69
Chest; on anterior side of trunk; also called thorax
thoracic region
70
Contains all body regions other than head, neck, and extremities; also called
trunk
71
Overlies spinal column or vertebrae; on posterior side of trunk
vertebral region
72
what major cavities divide the body
2 dorsal cavities
2 ventral cavities
73
what cavities does the dorsal cavity include
thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
74
cavity that contains the 2 lungs and the mediastinum
The thoracic cavity
75
the region between the lungs
contains: heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
mediastinum.
76
There is an actual physical wall between the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity called the what?
diaphragm
77
The abdominopelvic cavity is generally subdivided into a what?
superior abdominal cavity
inferior pelvic cavity
78
The organs of the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems are
located in these cavities.
superior abdominal cavity
inferior pelvic cavity
79
The organs within the ventral cavities are referred to a
a group as the internal organs or what?
viscera
80
All of the ventral cavities are lined by, and the viscera are encased in, a two.
layer membrane called the what in the thoracic cavity
pleura
81
All of the ventral cavities are lined by, and the viscera are encased in, a two.
layer membrane called the what in the abdominopelvic cavity
peritoneum
82
The outer layer that lines the cavities is called the
parietal layer
parietal pleura
parietal peritoneum
83
and the inner layer that encases
the viscera is called the
visceral layer
visceral pleura
visceral peritoneum
84
what cavity are these major organs in?
brain
spinal cord
Dorsal cavities
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
85
what cavity are these major organs in?
lungs
Pleural cavity
86
what cavity are these major organs in?
heart
Pericardial cavity
87
what cavity are these major organs in?
heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, aorta
Mediastinum
88
what cavity are these major organs in?
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and portions of the small intestine and colon
Urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, and portions of the small intestine and colon
Female: uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina
Male: prostate gland, seminal vesicles, portion of vas deferens
Abdominopelvic cavities
89
More toward head, or above another structure
superior
or
cephalic
90
More toward feet or tail or below another structure
inferior (in-FEE-ree-or)
or
caudal (KAWD-al)
91
More toward front or belly side of body
anterior (an-TEE-ree-or)
or
ventral (VEN-tral)
92
more towards the back or spinal cord side of the body
posterior (poss-TEE-ree-or)
or
dorsal (DOR-sal)
93
Refers to middle or near middle of body or structure
medial
94
Refers to the side
lateral
95
Located nearer to point of attachment to body
proximal
96
Located farther away from point of attachment to body
distal
97
Tip or summit of an organ
apex
98
Bottom or lower part of organ
base
99
More toward surface of body
superficial
100
Further away from surface of body
deep
101
Body is lying horizontally and facing upward
supine
102
Body is lying horizontally and facing downward
prone
103
The method by which a drug is introduced into the body is referred to as the
route of administration.
104
Includes all drugs given by mouth; advantages: ease of administration and slow rate of absorption via the stomach and intestinal wall; disadvantages: slowness of absorption and
destruction of some chemical compounds by gastric juices; additionally, some medications, such as aspirin, can have corrosive action on stomach lining
oral
105
Includes drugs held under the tongue and not swallowed; medication is absorbed by blood vessels on underside of the tongue as saliva dissolves it; rate of absorption is quicker than oral route; nitroglycerin to treat angina pectoris (chest pain) is administered by this route
sublingual (sl)
106
Includes drugs inhaled directly into nose and mouth; aerosol (aer/o = air) sprays are administered by this route
inhalation
107
An invasive method of administering drugs as it requires skin to be punctured by a needle; needle with syringe attached is introduced either under the skin or into a muscle, vein, or
body cavity
parenteral
108
Injection into body cavity such as peritoneal cavity or chest cavity; one type of parenteral
route of administration
intracavitary
109
Very shallow injection just under top layer of the skin; commonly used in skin testing for allergies and tuberculosis testing; one type of parenteral route of administration
intradermal (ID)
110
Injection directly into muscle of buttocks, thigh, or upper arm; used when there is a large amount of medication or it is irritating (see again Figure 2-11 m); one type of parenteral route of administration
intramuscular (IM)
111
Injection into meningeal space surrounding the brain and spinal cord; one type of parenteral route of administration
intrathecal
112
Injection into veins; route may be set up to deliver medication very quickly or to deliver continuous drip of medication (see again Figure 2-11); one type of parenteral route of
administration
intravenous (IV)
113
Injection into subcutaneous layer of skin, usually outer part of upper arm, or abdomen (see again Figure 2-11); for example, insulin injection; one type of parenteral route of
administration
subcutaneous
114
Includes medications that coat underside of a patch, which is applied to skin where it is then absorbed; examples include birth control patches, nicotine patches, and sea sickness
patches
transdermal
115
Includes medications introduced directly into rectal cavity in the form of suppositories (suppos, supp) or solution; drugs may have to be administered by this route if patient is unable to take them by mouth due to nausea, vomiting, or surgery
rectal
116
Includes medications applied directly to skin or mucous membranes; distributed in ointment, cream, or lotion form and used to treat skin infections and eruptions
topical (top)
117
Includes tablets and suppositories that may be inserted vaginally to treat vaginal yeast infections and other irritations
vaginal
118
Includes drops used during eye examinations to dilate pupil of eye for better examination of interior of eye; also placed into eye to control eye pressure in glaucoma and treat
infections
eyedrops
119
Includes drops placed directly into ear canal for purpose of relieving pain or treating infection
eardrops
120
Includes drugs placed under lip or between cheek and gum
buccal
121
anteroposterior
AP
122
cardiovascular
CV
123
ear, nose, and throat
ENT
124
gastrointestinal
GI
125
gynecology
GYN
126
intradermal
ID
127
intramuscular
IM
128
intravenous
IV
129
lateral
lat
130
lower extremity
LE
131
left lower quadrant
LLQ
132
left upper quadrant
LUQ
133
musculoskeletal
MS
134
obstetrics
OB
135
posteroanterior
PA
136
right lower quadrant
RLQ
137
right upper quadrant
RUQ
138
sublingual
sl
139
subcutaneous
Subc, Subq
140
suppository
suppos, supp
141
apply topically
top
142
upper extremity
UE
