Chapter 2: Cell Basics & Microscopy, Gram Staining

Question 1

What do ALL cells have?

Answer 1

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Genome
Ribosomes
Metabolism
Evolution

Question 2

What do SOME cells have?

Answer 2

Differentiate
Exchange genetic info
Communicate
Movement

Question 3

Genes code for ____ which creates ____ for metabolism

Answer 3

1. RNA
2. proteins

Question 4

protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions

Answer 4

Enzymes

Question 5

DNA chromosome is replicated prior to cell division

Answer 5

DNA replication

Question 6

DNA gene is read to produce RNA (same language)

Answer 6

Transcription

Question 7

RNA message is read to make protein (changing language)

Answer 7

Translation

Question 8

Results of cells having the nutrition they need and ability to replicate

Answer 8

Growth

Question 9

The smallest distance by which two objects can be separated and still be distinguished

Answer 9

resolution

Question 10

requires fixation/freezing conditions that damage or alter cells

Answer 10

electron microscopy

Question 11

Types of electron microscopy

Answer 11

Transmission and Scanning

Question 12

electrons pass through the specimen surface and reveal internal structures

Answer 12

Transmission electron microscopy

Question 13

electrons scan the surface of the specimen and reveal the external structures in 3D

Answer 13

Scanning electron microscopy

Question 14

Types of light microscopy

Answer 14

Bright-field
Phase-contrast/Differential contrast
Dark field

Question 15

How do light microscopes work?

Answer 15

Light passes through multiple lenses and through the specimen. Useful for examining cells while they are alive.

Question 16

Bright-field microscopy

Answer 16

light passing through the cell directly forms the image

Question 17

Phase contrast/Differential contrast microscopy

Answer 17

exploits the phase change of light passing through an object varying thickness and density to produce an image, watching live cells move/mitosis

Question 18

Dark-field microscopy

Answer 18

illuminating rays are directed from the side, so only scattered light enters the microscope, watching live cells move/mitosis

Question 19

What is the purpose of staining?

Answer 19

to provide contrast

Question 20

True or False: Staining can be used to colorize a cell OR colorize the background surrounding a cell.

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

Does staining kill cells?

Answer 21

YES

Question 22

Flood the prepared specimen with a basic dye

Answer 22

Simple stain

Question 23

acidic dye, which is repelled by cell walls leaving clear cels on a dark background

Answer 23

Negative stain

Question 24

Morphology

Answer 24

cell shape

Question 25

True or False? Morphology DOES NOT predict physiology, ecology, phylogeny, etc. of a prokaryotic cell

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

Coccus

Answer 26

Spherical or ovoid

Question 27

Chain

Answer 27

strepto-

Question 28

Cluster

Answer 28

staph-

Question 29

Diplococci

Answer 29

pairs

Question 30

Bacili

Answer 30

rod/cylindrical

Question 31

Spirillum

Answer 31

spiral shape

Question 32

A ________ is smaller than a _______ which, in turn, is smaller than a ________.

Answer 32

1. Virus 2. Bacteria 3. Human cell

Question 33

A ________ is smaller than a _______ which, in turn, is smaller than a ________.

Answer 33

1. Virus 2. Bacteria 3. Human cell

Question 34

Compared to Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea have ________ surface-area-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange and growth rates.

Answer 34

1. Higher 2. Faster

Question 35

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

Answer 35

peptidoglycan

Question 36

Gram Stain Procedure

Answer 36

1. Fix organisms with heat 2. Crystal violet treatment 3. Iodine treatment 4. Decolorization (ethanol) 5. Counter stain safranin

Question 37

Cell wall of gram positive cells

Answer 37

huge peptidoglycan layer

Question 38

Cell wall of gram negative cells

Answer 38

Thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 39

Pink stain

Answer 39

gram negative

Question 40

Purple stain

Answer 40

gram positive

Question 41

Difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria

Answer 41

Gram Positive: - THICK cell wall - has lipoteichoic acids in cell wall - has an S layer Gram Negative: - THIN cell wall - has outer layer of LPS (lipopolysaccharide) - does not have S layer