Sructures & Energetics

Question 1

How does DNA replication in the bacterial nucleotide occur?

Answer 1

1. Single origin of replication and DNA synthesis
2. It’s bidirectional from this origin
3. Starts at one point and goes in opposite directions

Question 2

What isomers is supercooling done by?

Answer 2

Gyro/topoisomers

Question 3

energy-using processes (building reactions)

Answer 3

Anabolism

Question 4

_____ provides the building blocks and energy for ______.

Answer 4

1. Catabolism
2. Anabolism

Question 5

generate ATP using oxidation of ORGANIC compounds

Answer 5

Chemorganotrophs

Question 6

Generate ATP using oxidation of INORGANIC compounds

Answer 6

Chemolithotrophs

Question 7

Generate ATP from harnessing light energy

Answer 7

Phototrophs

Question 8

Utilize CARBON from ORGANIC compounds

Answer 8

Heterotrophs

Question 9

Utilize CARBON from O2, synthesizing their own fuel

Answer 9

Autotrophs

Question 10

What do chemorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, Heterotrophs, and Autotrophs all have in common?

Answer 10

They all generate ATP

Question 11

Energy released that is available to do work

Answer 11

Free Energy (△G)

Question 12

What does △G equal?

Answer 12

Gproducts - Greactants

Question 13

Reactions with a _______ △G are ______

Answer 13

1. Negative
2. Exergonic

Question 14

Reactions with a _____ △G are _______.

Answer 14

1. Positive
2. Endergonic

Question 15

what do exergonic reactions release?

Answer 15

Free energy

Question 16

What do endergonic reactions require?

Answer 16

Energy

Question 17

What type of reaction is SPONTANEOUS?

Answer 17

Exergonic

Question 18

What type of reaction is NON-SPONTANEOUS

Answer 18

Endergonic

Question 19

What is activation energy?

Answer 19

The energy required to bring all molecules in a chemical reaction to the reactive state

Question 20

Reducing the _____ will increase the rate of the reaction

Answer 20

Activation energy

Question 21

A chemical that increases the rate of reaction without undergoing a physical change

Answer 21

Catalyst

Question 22

What are the primary catalysts of biological reactions?

Answer 22

Enzymes

Question 23

Enzymes are usually used to catalyze _____ reactions and contain an action site

Answer 23

SINGLE

Question 24

What kinds of bonds do enzymes rely on?

Answer 24

Weak (Vander Waals, hydrogen, hydrophobic rxns)

Question 25

What do enzymes increase the probability of?

Answer 25

A chemical reaction occurring

Question 26

Small, non-protein molecules that participate in catalysis but are not substrates

Answer 26

Cofactors

Question 27

Cofactors that are inorganic molecules

Answer 27

Prosthetic groups (Fe2+, Mg2+, Ca2+. Mn+)

Question 28

Organic molecules that include NADP+, FAD, NAD+,

Answer 28

Coenzymes

Question 29

Cofactor is NOT bound to the enzyme

Answer 29

Apoenzyme

Question 30

An enzyme bound to its cofactor that is active

Answer 30

Haloenzyme

Question 31

Will an enzyme that requires a cofactor work without one?

Answer 31

NO. If it requires one it will not work without a cofactor

Question 32

Hinders a metabolic pathway by having a product of the pathway inhibit an earlier reaction

Answer 32

Feedback inhibition

Question 33

Inhibitor binds to the active site to BLOCK the enzyme

Answer 33

Competitive inhibition

Question 34

How does non-competitive inhibition work?

Answer 34

Inhibitor binds at a site that is not the active site and adjusts the structure of the proteins to inhibit the enzyme, may still bind but nothing will happen

Question 35

What are the elements of life?

Answer 35

C, H, N, O, P, S

Question 36

Nutrients that must be supplied by the environment and can’t be generated by the cell

Answer 36

Essential nutrients

Question 37

Trace elements are necessary for protein function

Answer 37

Micro nutrients

Question 38

What is bacterial growth dependent on?

Answer 38

The acquiring of micro and macro essential nutrients

Question 39

An environment rich in essential nutrients will result in _________ growth

Answer 39

Faster

Question 40

An environment poor in essential nutrients will result in ________ growth or starvation

Answer 40

Slow

Question 41

What can starvation lead to the formation of?

Answer 41

Endospores