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Human Physiology - BIO 3322 > Chapter 2 - Cell Structure & Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cell Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the type of bond forming nucleotide polymers?

A

phosphodiester

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2
Q

What is the type of bond forming protein polymers?

A

Peptide

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3
Q

What is the type of bond forming lipid polymers?

A

n/a

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4
Q

What is the type of bond forming carbohydrate polymers?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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5
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

process of adding carbohydrate groups for recognition.

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6
Q

What is the function of proteins?

A

perform most of the cellular tasks, provide structure, and regulate cellular processes

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7
Q

What is the function of phospholipids?

A

serve as structural component of membranes

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8
Q

what is the function of cholesterol?

A

precursor for steroid hormones and membrane component

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9
Q

what is the function of acylglycerol?

A

provides long-term energy storage (can have up to 3 fatty acid tails of differing lengths)

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10
Q

what is the function of waxes?

A

establishes a protective barrier. ex. ear wax.

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11
Q

steroids?

A

4 ringed carbon structures that function as chemical messengers for endocrine system and are important structural components in membrane.

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12
Q

What is the best carbohydrate for energy storage?

A

glycogen

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13
Q

What is the central dogma of genetics?

A

info stored in DNA determines which RNA coding is produced and which protein sequences are generated.

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14
Q

Steps of enzymatic activity?

A
  1. substrate enters active site of enzyme
  2. enzyme binds to substrate and the enzyme’s shape changes slightly (induced fit)
  3. enzyme/products complex forms
  4. products leave the active site of enzyme
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15
Q

What are the 7 protein classes?

A

structural, enzymatic, regulatory, motile, transport, storage, and defensive.

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16
Q

function of structural proteins

A

provides cell or tissue strength
ex. collagen in connective tissue

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17
Q

function of enzymatic proteins

A

catalyzes specific reactions
ex. amylase hydrolyzes starch into shorter carbohydrate chains

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18
Q

function of regulatory proteins

A

chemical messengers
ex. insulin regulating blood glucose by signaling to other cells to increase glucose uptake

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19
Q

function of motile proteins

A

aids cell movement
ex. actin and myosin initiate muscle contraction

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20
Q

function of transport proteins

A

moves substances within/between cells
ex. GLUT1 permits glucose to cross the plasma membrane

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21
Q

function of storage proteins

A

stores nutrients
ex. ovalbumin provides amino acids to developing chick embyryo

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22
Q

function of defensive proteins

A

protects against disease
ex. antibodies tag pathogens for clearance by the immune system

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23
Q

What happens in the mitochondria?

A

the E.T.C. drives ATP synthase inside mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation

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24
Q

What happens in ribosomes?

A

made up of rRNA/proteins; conducts translational processes, large and small subunits assembling around mRNA transcription, and peptide bond formation is catalyzed.

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25
What happens in smooth ER?
lipid synthesis, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium for rapid signaling events, and houses detoxifying enzymes to clear drugs and toxins.
26
What happens in nucleolus?
rRNA is made and ribosome assembly
27
What happens in golgi apparatus?
sorting organelle, package into vesicles, cis cisterna; POST OFFICE OF CELL
28
What happens in centrioles?
microtubules are organized to form pathways for protiin trafficking during interphase and the mitotic spindle during mitotic phase.
29
Phospholipid bilayer
glycerol backbone w/ 2 fatty acid tails and phosphate head. amphipathic arrangement
30
What is the function of the cholesterol within membrane?
regulates membrane fluidity
31
Oxidative Phosphorylation
occurs during aerobic respiration when ATP is synthesized by the phosphorylation of ADP
32
Functions of transmembrane proteins:
molecular transport, cell adhesion, cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and enzymatic activity
33
Peripheral Proteins:
located at edge of membrane by reversibly interacting with phospholipid's polar group or permanently embedding into bilayer using a GPI anchor.
34
Fluid Mosaic Model
-plasma membrane is 2D fluid -phospholipids, membrane proteins, and cholesterols are constantly moving to maintain the bilayer -can freely rotate clockwise/counter and move laterally from side or front to back (CANNOT DO TRANSVERSE MIGRATION)
35
Factors determining membrane fluidity:
temp, saturation, and cholesterol
36
How does temperature affect membrane fluidity?
if temp increases, then kinetic energy increases, and the movement of the bilayer increases. ex. stick of butter.
37
How does saturation of phospholipid's fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity?
- saturated acid = single bond = straight structure = pack in tightly = less movement - unsaturated acid = at least 1 double bond = "kinked" structure = more fluidity
38
How do cholesterols affect the membrane fluidity?
AT STANDARD TEMPS: increased cholesterol = DECREASED membrane fluidity AT LOW TEMPS: cholesterol can serve as a spacer Lipid rafts
39
What is a lipid raft?
contain specialized collection of membrane proteins for signaling pathway. Cholesterol levels re increased for more rigidity.
40
Brownian Motion
Molecules move randomly in this process
41
Active transport
against gradient; if ATP is needed = primary active transport
42
Permeable
small, non-polar solutes ex. oxygen, CO2, steroid hormones
43
Impermeable
large, polar solutes ex. carbohydrates, proteins, charged ions
44
Passive transport
Simple diffusion (high to low), osmosis (water, iso, hyper, hypo), and facilitated diffusion (transport proteins)
45
Proteins used in passive transport
Channel Protein: serves as a pore to permit a flow of solutes across membrane (no binding site) Carrier Protein: has binding sites to chaperone a fixed # of solutes across membrane.
46
Types of Carrier Proteins
Voltage-gated, Ligand-gated (EC and IC), mechanosensitive
47
What kind of protein is the sodium-potassium pump?
Carrier Protein that does active transport. 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in
48
What kind of protein is the proton pump?
Channel protein that does active transport
49
Sickle Cell Disease
caused by single point mutation that changes glutamic acid for valine within the beta globulin subunit of hemoglobin. Causes protein misfolding
50
Lysosomal Degradation
breaks down all four biomolecules using hydrolytic enzymes and acidic environment
51
Proteasomal Degradation
breaks down proteins only using proteolysis within the proteasome complex
52
SNARE proteins
direct the release of vesicles from the cell until a signal is given. Secretory vesicles have V-SNARES that associate w/ t-SNARES on target membrane
53
Autocrine signaling
cell signals back to itself
54
Paracrine signaling
occurs between 2 cells in close proximity (tissues)
55
Types of local signaling
direct contact and gap junctions (quickest response)
56
Long distance signaling
endocrine: signal is received by a distant cel in the body (hormones)
57
Metatropic Receptor Signaling
Steps: 1. Ligand binds transmembrane receptor 2. Receptor undergoes conformational change 3. A signaling cascade of effector molecules and second messengers are activated 4. Transcription factors are activated 5. Gene expression is induced
58
Nuclear Receptor Signaling
Allows ligand to ENTER cell. - Hormone enters by simple diffusion - Binds to nuclear receptor -Receptor-hormone complex binds to Hormone Response Element and acts as transcription factor in nucleus - protein is made
59
Ionotropic Receptor Signaling
just goes through channel protein
60
2 apoptosis pathways
1. Extrinsic apoptotic pathway 2. Intrinsic apoptotic pathway

Human Physiology - BIO 3322 (14 decks)

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