Chapter 2: Cells Flashcards
1
Q
A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain and imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy
A
Active Transport
2
Q
The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body
A
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
3
Q
A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat
A
Adipose (Fat) Tissue
4
Q
The anterior surface at the bend of the elbow
A
Antecubital Fossa
5
Q
The area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible
A
Anterior Triangle
6
Q
A division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body
A
Appendicular Region
7
Q
A division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk
A
Axial Region
8
Q
The armpit
A
Axilla
9
Q
Components of the nerve cell that conduct impulses to adjacent cells
A
Axons
10
Q
The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell that anchors the overlying epithelial tissues
A
Basement Membrane
11
Q
Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems
A
Body Cavities
12
Q
Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses
A
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
13
Q
Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein
A
Carotid Triangle
14
Q
The cell wall; a selectively permeable layer of cells that surrounds intracellular contents and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell
A
Cell Membrane
15
Q
The basic building blocks of life, made up of protoplasm (cytoplasm); specialized for particular functions
A
Cells
16
Q
Organelles that are essential in cell division
A
Centrioles
17
Q
Structures containing DNA within the cell’s nucleus; human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
A
Chromosomes
18
Q
The hair-like microtubule projections on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface
A
Cilia
19
Q
Rows of tall, thin epithelial cells
A
Columnar Epithelium
20
Q
The natural tendency for substances to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, within or outside the cell
A
Concentration Gradient
21
Q
The hollow portion of the skull
A
Cranial Cavity
22
Q
Shrinkage of a cell that results when too much water leaves the cell through osmosis
A
Crenation
23
Q
Rows of square-shaped epithelial cells
A
Cuboidal Epithelium
24
Q
The gel-like material inside a cell. It makes up most of the cell’s volume, and suspends the cell’s organelles; also called protoplasm
A
Cytoplasm
25
The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
26
Components of the neurons that receive impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of neurotransmitters
Dendrites
27
The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cell's nucleus
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
28
A process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
29
Disturbances in cardiac rhythm
Dysrhythmias
30
Salt or acid substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (ie, water); chemicals dissolved in the blood
Electrolytes
31
Negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom
Electrons
32
The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cell's protoplasm
Endocytosis
33
A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured
Endoplasmic Reticulum
34
The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles
Exocytosis
35
Substances located outside of the cell membrane
Extracellular
36
Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the body's supply of sodium is contained
Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
37
The process whereby a carrier molecule moves substances in or out of cells from areas of higher to lower concentration
Facilitated Diffusion
38
Tail-like microtubule structures capable of motion to propel the cell
Flagella
39
Areas in the infant's skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed
Fontanelles
40
Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body (hip and shoulder)
Girdles
41
A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins
Golgi Apparatus
42
An abnormal accumulation of bloody fluid within the pleural space following trauma
Hemothorax
43
An excessive amount of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
44
A serum sodium level greater than 145 mEq/L
Hypernatremia
45
A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma (HHNC)
46
Abnormally low blood glucose level
Hypoglycemia
47
A low concentration of potassium in the blood
Hypoalemia
48
A serum sodium level that is less than 135 mEq/L
Hyponatremia
49
A dangerous condition in which the supply of oxygen to the tissues is reduced
Hypoxia
50
Skin, the covering of the body surface
Integument
51
Substances, such as the organelles that are found inside the cell membrane
Intracellular
52
Fluid within cells in which most of the body's supply of potassium is contained
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
53
Protein-lined pores or transport channels, specifically sized for each substance, which allow electrolyte movements among the cells
Ion Channels
54
The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occurs when excess water enters the cell through osmosis
Lysis
55
Membrane-bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cell's digestive system
Lysosomes
56
The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels
Mediastinum
57
A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova
Meiosis
58
Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell
Microtubules
59
Small, rod-like organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell and produce adenosine triophosphate (ATP)
Mitrochondria
60
The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus
Mitosis
61
Neurons and neuroglia
Nervous Tissues
62
Collectively, the name for the connective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue
Neuroglia
63
The main functional unit of the nervous system
Neurons
64
Uncharged or "neutral" particles in the nucleus of an atom
Neutrons
65
Smooth muscle tissue
Nonstriated
66
The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
67
Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins
Nucleoli
68
The nerver center, or central body, of the cell, enbedded within the protoplasm
Nucleus
69
A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles
Organ System
70
Any individual living thing; made up various organ systems
Organism
71
Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function
Organs
72
The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane
Osmosis
73
The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane
Osmotic Pressure
74
The portion of the serous membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities
Parietal Portion
75
The region around the heart
Pericardial Cavity
76
An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the paricardial sac
Pericardial Effusion
77
The lubricated potential space between the layers of the pericardium
Pericardial Sac
78
A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the heart's stroke volume
Pericardial Tamponade
79
The serous membranes that surround the heart
Pericardium
80
The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine
Peripheral Nerves
81
Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Peritonitis
82
The process in which one cell "eats" or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it
Phagocytosis
83
A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its contents
Pinocytosis
84
The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity
Pleura
85
The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
Pleural Space
86
Excessive accumulation of fluid within the pleural space
Pleural Effusion
87
The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space
Pleural Fluid
88
An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural space
Pneumothorax
89
The space behind the knee
Popliteal Fossa
90
The area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery
Posterior Triangle
91
Single, positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom
Protons
92
A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm
Protoplasm
93
A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attach to the basement membrane, but do not reach the free surface
Pseudostratified Epithelium
94
The ongoing process of cell renewal where some cells actively divide during life and others die or are replaced by new cells
Remodeling
95
The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space
Retroperitoneal Organs
96
The area located posterior to the parietal peritoneum that contains the kidneys, pancreas, reproductive organs, duodenum, and major blood vessels
Retroperitoneal Space
97
A nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
98
Organelles that contain RNA and protein
Ribosomes
99
The ability of the cell membrane to selectively allow compounds into the cell based on the cell's current needs
Selective Permeability
100
The property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so
Semipermeable
101
Membranes that line the body cavities that lack openings to the outside
Serous Membranes
102
The number of osmotically active particles in serum
Serum Osmolality
103
Germ (reproductive) cells; in males they are known as sperm and in females they are known as oocytes (eggs)
Sex Cells
104
A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Simple Epithelium
105
Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bones and composed of long thread-like cells that have light and dark striations
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
106
The protective vault that houses the brain and is composed of the cranium and facial bones
Skull
107
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle tissue found in vessel walls, glands, and the gastrointestinal tract
Smooth Muscle Tissue
108
A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
109
Dissolved particles, such as salts, contained in solvent
Solutes
110
All of the other cells in the human body besides the sex cells
Somatic Cells
111
The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord
Spinal Cavity
112
Microtubules radiating from the centrioles
Spindle Fibers
113
Flat sheets of epithelial cells
Squamous Epithelium
114
More than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell
Stratified Epithelium
115
Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle
Striated
116
A rapid pulse rate
Tachycardia
117
A rapid respiratory rate
Tachypnea
118
Groups of similar cells that work together
Tissues
119
Tissue that changes in appearance due to tension; it lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and superior urethra
Transitional Epithelium
120
The navel
Umbilicus
121
The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves
Vertebral Column
122
The portion of a serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ
Visceral Portion
123
The internal structures within the cell that carry out specific functions for the cell
Organelles
