Chapter 2- Chemistry

Question 1

what is the most common element by mass in the earth?

Answer 1

iron

Question 2

What is the pH of milk?

Answer 2

slightly acidic

Question 3

What is organic chemistry?

Answer 3

The study of the compounds that make up living organisms

Question 4

All organic molecules contain which two elements?

Answer 4

Carbon and hydrogen

Question 5

What qualities does matter have?

Answer 5

Take up space and have mass

Question 6

What is matter made of?

Answer 6

Elements

Question 7

What is an element?

Answer 7

A substance that cannot be broken down or transformed chemically

Question 8

What is the smallest amount of an element called?

Answer 8

an atom

Question 9

What are the rows of the period table called? What happens as you go left to right?

Answer 9

periods; atomic number increases

Question 10

What does the period of an element tell you?

Answer 10

Number of shells it has

Question 11

What are the columns of the periodic table called?

Answer 11

Groups

Question 12

What does the group of an element tell you?

Answer 12

How many electrons it has in its valence shell

Question 13

What are the four main elements in the human body?

Answer 13

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 14

What two categories can all elements be divided into?

Answer 14

Metals and non metals

Question 15

Do metals/non-metals tend to lose or gain electrons? What charge do they have?

Answer 15

metals: Lose- positive cation
mon: gain- negative anion

Question 16

What is the basic building block of chemistry

Answer 16

atoms

Question 17

What defines an element?

Answer 17

Number of protons

Question 18

What is the atomic number?

Answer 18

Number of protons

Question 19

What is atomic mass?

Answer 19

protons+neutrons (average of all isotopes)

Question 20

What are isotopes?

Answer 20

Atoms that have the same atomic number but different number of neutrons

Question 21

What are unstable isotopes called?

Answer 21

Radioisotopes

Question 22

What are some uses of radioactive isotopes?

Answer 22

tracers, PET scans,

Question 23

What does electronegativity of an atom mean?

Answer 23

The strength with which atoms attract other electrons

Question 24

What is the valence of an atom?

Answer 24

the ratio with which it interacts with other atoms

Question 25

Elements that have similar properties usually have the same number of?

Answer 25

Valence electrons

Question 26

Metals have how many valence electrons?

Answer 26

1,2,3

Question 27

What are the noble gases?

Answer 27

Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon

Question 28

What determines the chemical behavior of an element?

Answer 28

number and arrangement of valence electrons

Question 29

What is ground state?

Answer 29

lowest level energy of electrons closest to nucleus

Question 30

Do elements prefer to be at excited or ground state?

Answer 30

ground

Question 31

What happens when electrons shift to lower energy levels?

Answer 31

release light

Question 32

Which color requires electron to drop most energy levels?

Answer 32

violet

Question 33

What number of valence electrons have most reactive elements?

Answer 33

one or two more or less than a filled shell

Question 34

What is the formula for glucose?

Answer 34

C6 H12 O6

Question 35

What is molecular mass?

Answer 35

Sum of all mases of atoms in a molecule

Question 36

What is molarity?

Answer 36

Number of moles of solute per liter

Question 37

What are the types of bonds?

Answer 37

Covalent, ionic, hydrogen

Question 38

What is a non polar covalent bond?

Answer 38

Equal sharing of electrons, electrically balanced

Question 39

What is a polar covalent bond>?

Answer 39

One atom attracts shared electrons more than the other, resulting in one having a slightly positive and the other a negative charge

Question 40

The atom that pulls shared electrons more towards it has more?

Answer 40

Electronegativity

Question 41

What does an ionic bond result in?

Answer 41

2 ions that are attracted to each other (electrostatic)

Question 42

What type of ion is an atom that loses electrons?

Answer 42

Cation

Question 43

What is a polyatomic ion?

Answer 43

covalently bonded atoms that have a charge (OH)

Question 44

Why does salt dissolve in water?

Answer 44

Water creates shell that prevents iconic association between NA and CL

Question 45

Does the hydrogen in water have a negative or positive charge?

Answer 45

positive

Question 46

How many other water molecules can one be bonded to?

Answer 46

4

Question 47

What 6 qualities of water are because of its polarity?

Answer 47

``` liquid at room temp lose/gain heat slowly high vapor temp less dense when frozen fills vessels universal solvent ```

Question 48

What is loss of water from leaves to prevent overheating?

Answer 48

Transpiration

Question 49

Does water adhere or cohere to other substances?

Answer 49

adhere

Question 50

what creates surface tension?

Answer 50

Cohesion at the surface

Question 51

Where on plants do gases leave through?

Answer 51

stomata

Question 52

solute v solvent

Answer 52

solute- substance being dissolved | solvent- dissolving agent

Question 53

How are acids bases created?

Answer 53

water molecules dissociate into an equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions

Question 54

Do acids release more hydrogen or hydroxide ions?

Answer 54

hydrogen

Question 55

Do stronger or weaker acids dissociate completely in water?

Answer 55

stronger

Question 56

What are buffers?

Answer 56

Regulate pH levels by taking up hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Question 57

How much difference is there between one ph to the next?

Answer 57

x10

Question 58

CO2 dissolved in sea water causes what?

Answer 58

carbonic acid and acidification

Question 59

What are enantiomers?

Answer 59

isomers that are mirror images of each other

Question 60

What are the 7 functional groups?

Answer 60

``` hydroxyl carbonyl carboxyl amino sulfhydryl phosphate methyl ```

Question 61

What do hydroxyl groups do to organic molecules?

Answer 61

Increase solubility

Question 62

Hydroxyl group

Answer 62

-OH

Question 63

Carbonyl group

Answer 63

(C)--O

Question 64

Carboxyl group

Answer 64

OOH

Question 65

Amino group

Answer 65

-NH2

Question 66

Sulfhydryl group

Answer 66

-SH

Question 67

Phosphate group

Answer 67

OPO3 2-

Question 68

methyl group

Answer 68

CH3