Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
true or false: the body isn’t made up of chemicals
A
false
2
Q
what are the 2 subcategories of chemistry?
A
basic chemistry and biochemistry
3
Q
define matter
A
something that occupies space and has a mass
4
Q
what are the 3 states of matter?
A
solid, liquid, gas
5
Q
define solid
A
definite shape and volume
6
Q
define liquid
A
changeable shape; definite volume
7
Q
define gas
A
changeable shape and volume
8
Q
what is the smallest stable unit of matter?
A
atoms
9
Q
true or false: electrons orbit the nucleus
A
true
10
Q
what is the fundamental unit of matter?
A
atoms
11
Q
what are found in the nucleus?
A
protons and neutrons
12
Q
what is an element?
A
a unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
13
Q
what 4 elements make up 96% of body?
A
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
14
Q
how many elements make up 3.9% of the body?
A
9
15
Q
how many elements make up the last <0.01% of the body?
A
11
16
Q
Does an element with a full outermost shell of electrons react with other elements?
A
No
17
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Two or more atoms joined by a chemical bond
18
Q
Name some characteristics of ionic bonds.
A
Don’t share electrons, give electrons away
Positive and negative bonds
Not very strong
19
Q
Name some characteristics of covalent bonds
A
Share electrons
Very strong
20
Q
Name some characteristics of hydrogen bonds
A
Could be more or less equal
Share electrons
21
Q
What is an ion?
A
An atom or a molecule with a positive or negative charge
22
Q
What one electrolytes?
A
A term for a group of atoms that dissociate (make ions) on the body that are important for proper function
23
Q
Add an electron
A
Negative charge
24
Q
Lose an electron
A
Positive charge
25
Name some characteristics of energy
Has no mass, does not occupy space
Can measure it based upon its effects on matter
Makes things move
26
What is the technical definition of energy?
The ability to do work, or to put matter into motion
27
What is kinetic energy?
Energy in action
28
What is potential energy?
Stored energy
29
What is mechanical energy?
Directly involved in moving matter
30
What is thermal energy?
Travels in waves
31
What are some examples of thermal energy?
Heat, visible light, UV light, and X-rays
32
What is eletrongnetic and electrical energy?
Movement charged particles (ions)
33
What is chemical and nuclear energy?
Energy stored in chemical bonds
34
True or false: energy can be transformed into another form of energy
True
35
Is energy conversion efficient?
No
36
Why is energy conversion inefficient?
Some energy is "lost" as heat, which can be partly useable energy
37
When do chemical reaction take place?
When bonds nene formed, rearranged, or broken
38
What are the parts to a chemical equation?
Reactants and products
39
What are synthesis reactions?
When smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules
40
What are decomposition reactions?
When bonds are broken into larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules
41
What are exchange reactions?
When bonds are both made and broken (also called displacement reactions)
42
True or false: atoms and molecules colliding with sufficient speed causes chemical reactions to occur
True
43
What are 4 factors that can influence the rate of chemical reactions?
Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysis
44
How does temperature influence the speed of chemical reactions?
The hotter the molecules are, the faster they more
45
How does concentration effect the rate of chemical reactions?
More molecules means more collisions, less molecules means less collisions
46
How does particle size influence chemical reaction speed?
The bigger the molecule the higher chance they'll run into each other
47
How do catalysts influence chemical reactions?
They are proteins that speed up reactions
48
What are the two types of chemical compounds?
Inorganic and organic
49
What are some examples of inorganic compounds?
Water, salts, acids and bases
50
True or false: water's structure doesn't relate to its function
False
51
Why is it important that heat can be added or removed without much change?
It prevents rapid changes to strict and is important to maintain homeostasis
52
Is a lot of heat required to convert water to gas?
Yes
53
Is water considered the universal solvent?
Yes
54
Why is water considered the universal solvent?
Its polarity allows it to dissociate positively and negatively charged compounds readily
55
What is a solvent?
The chemical that does the dissolving
56
What is a solute?
The chemical that is dissolved
57
What is a salt?
An ionic compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than the hydroxyl (OH-)
58
True or false: salts dissociate into their component forms when in water
True
59
Are all electrolytes salts?
Yes
60
What one the most common salts in the body?
NaCl, CaCO3, KCl
61
What salt is found in bones and teeth?
CaPO4
62
What salt is found in hemoglobin?
Ionic Iron (Fe)
63
Do acids and bases conduct electrical currents?
Yes
64
What is a neutral pH?
7
65
What are acidic pH's?
1-6
66
What are basic pH's?
8-14
67
True or false: acids are proton donors
True
68
What determines the acidty of a solution?
The proton concentration
69
What do acids do in the body?
Denature proteins and prevent bacterial growth
70
What are some other acids that are found in the body?
Lactic acid, DNA, RNA, amino acids, fatty acids
71
Do bases accept or donate proton?
Accept
72
What do bases do in the body?
Buffer H+ to prevent pH changes
73
True or false: water can act like a base
True
74
What happens when acids and bases mix?
They neutralize
75
What is a neutral pH?
7
76
What is acidic (pH scale)?
0-5
77
What is basic (pH scale)?
8-14
78
Do all organic compounds contain carbon?
Yes
79
How much of a cell's mass is made of carbohydrates?
1-2%
80
What are the 3 types of sugars and starches?
Monomers, monosaccharides, polysaccharides
81
True or false: carbohydrates are the backbone of DNA
True
82
Why are there so many types of carbohydrates?
They all have different functions
83
What am called fats when solid and oils when liquid?
Lipids (triglycerides)
84
What are triglycerides composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecules by dehydration synthesis
85
What are triglycerides 3 main functions?
Energy storage, insulation, protection
86
What are phospholipids?
Modified triglycerides
87
What is the most important steroid?
Cholesterol
88
True or false: cholesterol is the starting material for the synthesis of vitamin D
True
89
True or false: cholesterol isn't used in cell plasma membrane structure
False
90
How much of a cells mass is comprised of proteins?
20-30%
91
Are proteins the least varied of all the molecules?
No, they're the most varied
92
What are polymers of amino acid molecules held together by?
Peptide bonds
93
What are the four structural levels of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
94
What is a primary protein structure?
The sequence of amino acids forms the polypeptide chain
95
What is secondary protein structure?
The primary chain forms spirals and sheets
96
What is tertiary protein structure?
Superimposed on secondary structure and are folded up to form a compact globular molecule held together by intermolecular bonds
97
What is quarternary protein structure?
Two or more polypeptide chains, each with its own tertiary structures, combine to form a functional protein
98
List some things proteins do
Structural, enzyme, transport, contractile, communication, and defensive proteins
99
True or false: neuclic acids am the smallest molecules in the body
False, they are the largest
100
What are neuclic acid polymers made up of?
Monomers
101
What are the 2 major classes of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
102
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
103
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
104
What is captured in ATP?
Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down
105
What does ATP directly power?
Chemical reactions in cells
