Chapter 8: Joints Flashcards
1
Q
Articulation
A
Where 2 bones meet
2
Q
What are functions of joints?
A
Give skeleton mobility and hold the skeleton together
Some allow extensive movement, some allow no movement
3
Q
What are the general classifications of joints?
A
Functional and structural
4
Q
Functional
A
How does it move?
5
Q
Structural
A
What is it made of?
6
Q
What are the functional classifications?
A
Synarthroses, amphiarthrosis, diarthroses
7
Q
Describe synarthroses joints
A
Fixed, immovable, fibrous
8
Q
What are some examples of synarthroses joints?
A
Sutures between skull bones
9
Q
Describe amphiarthrosis joints
A
Slightly moveable, cartilaginous
10
Q
What are some examples of amphiarthrosis joints?
A
Intervertebral discs
11
Q
Describe diarthroses joints
A
Freely moveable, synovial joint
12
Q
What is an example of diarthroses joints?
A
Found at ends of long bones
13
Q
What are the structural classifications of joints?
A
Synovial, cartilaginous, fibrous
14
Q
What are defining features of fibrous joints?
A
Articulated bones united by fibrous tissue
15
Q
True or false: fibrous joints have a joint cavity
A
False
16
Q
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
A
Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis
17
Q
Define suture joint (fibrous joint)
A
Joint held together w/ very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock, found only in the skull
18
Q
Describe suture joints (fibrous joint)
A
Closed, immovable sutures
19
Q
Define syndesmosis joints (fibrous joint)
A
Joint held together by a ligament, fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
20
Q
Describe syndesmosis joints (fibrous joint)
A
Bones connected by ligaments
21
Q
Define gomphosis joints (fibrous joint)
A
“Peg in socket” fibrous joint, periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket
22
Q
Describe gomphosis joints (fibrous joint)
A
Fibrous connection → periodontal ligament
23
Q
What is an example of gomphosis joints?
A
“Peg-in-socket” joints (teeth in alveolar sockets)
24
Q
what are the defining features of cartilaginous joints?
A
articulated bones united by cartilage
25
True or false: cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity
false
26
Describe a cartilaginous joint’s movement
limited movement, not highly movable
27
what are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
28
What are synchondroses joints?
bones united by hyaline cartilage
29
What are symphyses joints?
fibrocartilage unites bones (in between articulate hyaline)
30
What are the defining features of synovial joints?
articulating bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
31
Describe a synovial joint’s movement
diarthroses: freely moveable
32
what are the major characteristics of synovial joints?
have 6 general features
associated with bursae and tendon sheaths
stability is influenced by 3 factors
allow several types of movements
classified into 6 different types
33
What does hyaline cartilage do in synovial joints?
absorbs compression, prevents crushing of ends of bones
34
what is a synovial cavity?
space containing synovial fluid
35
what is the fibrous layer of the articular capsule?
a dense irregular connective tissue that provides strength to the joint
36
what is the synovial membrane?
loose connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid
37
what is synovial fluid?
secreted by the synovial membrane
viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
38
What are reinforcing ligaments?
dense, regular connective tissue
strengthens joint
found outside the joint cavity
39
what are the 3 types of reinforcing ligaments?
capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular
40
where is a capsular reinforcing ligament?
thickened part of fibrous layer
41
where is the extracapsular reinforcing ligament?
outside the capsule
42
where is the intracapsular reinforcing ligament?
deep to the capsule, covered by synovial membrane
43
what do nerves do in synovial joints?
detect pain, monitor joint position and stretch
44
true or false: synovial joints are highly vascularized
true
45
what are the accessory structures of synovial joints?
ligaments, tendons, muscles, meniscus, fat pad, bursae, and tendon sheaths
46
what are ligaments (in synovial joints)?
connect bone to bone
reinforce range of motion
47
what are tendons (in synovial joints)?
connect bone to muscle
limit range of motion, provide support
48
what are muscles (in synovial joints)?
stability and movement
49
what is the meniscus?
fibrocartilage pad
improves “fit” of bone ends
stabilizes joint
reduces wear and tear
50
what is the fat pad?
cushioning between fibrous layer of capsule and synovial membrane or bone
51
What is bursae?
reduces friction where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bone rub together
52
what are tendon sheaths?
elongated bursae wrapped completely around tendons subjected to friction
53
what affects the stability of a joint?
shape of articular surface
ligament number and location
muscle tone keeps tendons taut as they cross joints
54
how do joints help us move?
muscle pull on bones causing changes in the angle between 2 bones at the joint
55
what is an origin?
attached to immovable bone
56
what is an insertion?
attached to movable bone
57
true or false: the insertion moves toward the origin during a muscle contraction
true
58
where to movements occur?
transverse, frontal, or sagittal planes
59
what are the three types of movement?
gliding, angular movement, rotation
60
define gliding
one flat bone surface glides/slips over another similar surface
61
what are some examples of bones that glide?
intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between vertebrae articular processes
62
define angular movement
increase or decrease the angle between two bones
63
what is flexion?
decreases the angle of the joint
64
what is extension?
increase the angle of the joint
65
what is hyperextension?
movement beyond the anatomical position
66
what is abduction?
away from the midline
67
what is adduction?
toward the midline
68
what is circumduction?
involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
69
define rotation
turning of bone around its own axis, toward the midline or away from it
70
how do we classify synovial joints?
by direction and movement
71
what are the types of directions (synovial joints)?
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
72
what are the types of movements (synovial joints)?
plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, condylar, ball & socket
73
nonaxial movement
slipping motion (no axis)
74
uniaxial movement
movement in one plane
75
biaxial movement
movement in 2 planes
76
multiaxial movement
movement in all 3 planes
77
what are the 4 synovial joints we need to know?
knee, shoulder, elbow, hip
78
characteristics on the knee
largest and most complex joint in the body
diarthroses, hinge, complicated
flexion, extension, limited rotation
single joint cavity, but three joints in one
79
femoropatellar
femur-patella
80
tibiofemoral
lateral and medial condyles of the femur each articulate with the tibia
81
tibia-fibula
where the tibia and fibula meet
82
structural components of the knee
articular capsule, menisci, ligaments, bursae, fat pads, knee joint can lock for standing
83
articular capsule
line, incomplete
84
menisci
cushion; allow charges in shape; provide lateral stability
85
ligaments
7, stabilize
86
bursae
reduce friction
87
fat pads
provides cushion
88
what do the capsular and extracapsular ligaments do?
help prevent hyperextension of knee
89
what do the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments do?
prevent rotation when knee is extended
90
what does the oblique popliteal ligament do?
stabilizes posterior knee joint
91
what does the arcuate popliteal ligament do?
reinforces joint capsule posteriorly
92
what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?
anterior crucial ligament (ACL)
posterior crucial ligament (PCL)
93
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
prevents forward sliding of tibia and stops hyperextension of knee
94
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
prevents backward sliding of tibia and forward sliding femur
95
true or false: the knee is very susceptible to sports injuries
true
96
is the knee able to withstand vertical or horizontal force?
vertical
97
what are the 3 C’s that injuries occur to?
collateral ligaments, cruciate ligaments, cartilages
98
characteristic of the shoulder joint
diarthroses, ball and socket
articular capsule enclosing cavity is thin and loose
greatest range of motion
99
what motions can the should joint do?
flex, extend, abduct, adduct, rotate, circumduction
100
what are the 4 rotator cuff tendons?
subscapularis, supraspinatus, intraspinatus, teres minor
101
characteristics of the elbow joint
humeroulnar joint, diarthroses, hinge joint
102
what is the articulation of the elbow joint?
radius and ulna articulate with the humerus condyles
103
what makes the elbow joint extremely stable?
interlocking bones, thick articular capsule, strong ligaments, muscles stabilize
104
nursemaid’s elbow
dislocated radius
105
characteristics of the hip joint
diarthroses, ball and socket
bony socket
fibrocartilage pad covers acetabulum
sturdy
106
what motions does the hip joint do?
flex, extend, adduct, abduct, rotate, circumduct
107
what makes the hip joint sturdy?
dense, strong articular capsule
ligaments to stabilize
muscles to stabilize
108
true or false: fracture of femoral neck isn’t as common as a dislocation
false
109
characteristics of a cartilage tear
due to compression and shear stress
fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
cartilage rarely repairs itself
repaired with arthroscopic surgery
110
sprains
reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
111
what are some common sites of sprains?
ankle, knee, and lumbar region of the back
112
partial tears (sprains)
repair slowly because of poor vascularization
113
full tears (sprains)
ends of ligaments can be sewn together, replaced with grafts, or just immobilized for healing
114
characteristics of dislocations
bones forced out of alignment
caused by serious falls or contact sports
must be reduced to treat
115
what usually accompany dislocations?
sprains, inflammation of a joint, and difficulty moving joint
116
subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
117
bursitis
inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
118
how is bursitis treated?
rest and ice, anti-inflammatory drugs
119
tendonitis
inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
120
true or false: tendonitis treatment is similar to bursitis treatment
true
121
characteristics of osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
25% women, 15% men over age 60
cumulative wear and tear or genetic
changes in articular cartilage
underlying bone is exposed
122
characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation condition
affects 2.5% of population
synovial membrane inflamed
some cases immune responses mistakenly attacks joint tissues
123
what are some immune responses that mistakenly attack joint tissues?
allergies, bacteria, viruses, genetic factors
